{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:46:45Z","timestamp":1780469205199,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General Ophthalmic Services in Scotland (GOS(S)3) vouchers provide children with National Health Service (NHS)\u2010funded optical correction. This study investigated the financial impact of myopia by reporting current spending on GOS(S)3 vouchers and indicative prevalence of childhood myopia in Scotland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data on the number and monetary value of GOS(S)3 vouchers issued for children aged 6\u201315\u2009years in 2021\/22 were obtained from Public Health Scotland. Data were categorised by age, refractive error and voucher value. Refractive error was defined as emmetropia (spherical equivalent refraction (SER)\u2009&gt;\u2009\u22120.50D and\u2009&lt;\u2009+2.00D), hyperopia (SER\u2009\u2265\u2009+\u20092.00D) and myopia (SER\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.50D). Total spending on GOS(S)3 vouchers and spending on additional GOS(S)3 voucher claims (due to spectacle prescription changes within 1\u2009year) were reported. The proportions of additional GOS(S)3 vouchers for myopia and non\u2010myopic refractive errors (hyperopia and emmetropia combined) were compared with a two\u2010proportion\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test. Indicative prevalence was estimated by dividing the number of GOS(S)3 vouchers (excluding additional vouchers) by the number of children in the population, using data from the National Records of Scotland.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total annual spending on GOS(S)3 vouchers for the correction of emmetropia, hyperopia and myopia was \u00a31.44 million, \u00a31.43 million and \u00a31.91 million, respectively. A greater proportion of\u00a0GOS(S)3 vouchers was attributed to additional claims for myopia (6.31%) compared to\u00a0non\u2010myopic refractive errors (4.10%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The prevalence of myopia as indicated by voucher claims ranged from 2.21% in children aged 6\u20137\u2009years to 11.95% in 15 year olds. The proportion of children aged 6\u201315\u2009years requiring spectacles for high myopia (spherical component\u2009&lt;\u2009\u22126.00D) was approximately 0.26%, accounting for 3.62% of myopic children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total spending on GOS(S)3 vouchers for the correction of myopia is lower than the combined spending on GOS(S)3 vouchers for emmetropia and hyperopia. However, children with myopia received more additional GOS(S)3 vouchers than other refractive groups, suggesting these children experienced more short\u2010term changes to their spectacle prescription.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T12:57:58Z","timestamp":1756213078000},"page":"1894-1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The prevalence and costs of optical correction for childhood myopia in Scotland"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2470-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Dow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mhairi","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182357f79"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90416-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo\u20102024\u2010325427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2836-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201012425\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32700-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962\u2010025\u201000632\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01536-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Optical Confederation.Making accurate claims in Scotland.2017[cited July 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.abdo.org.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/making\u2010accurate\u2010claims\u2010in\u2010scotland\u20102017\u2010update.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Directorate of Primary Care: Dentistry Optometry and Audiology Division.Memorandum to NHS:PCA(O)2022(03). Scottish Government;2022[cited May 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.publications.scot.nhs.uk\/files\/pca2022\u2010o\u201003.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"National Records of Scotland.Mid\u20102021 population estimates Scotland.2022[cited May 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/statistics\u2010and\u2010data\/statistics\/statistics\u2010by\u2010theme\/population\/population\u2010estimates\/mid\u2010year\u2010population\u2010estimates\/mid\u20102021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"Directorate for Primary Care: Dentistry Optometry and Audiology Division.Memorandum to NHS:PCA(O)2024(01). Scottish Government;2024[cited May 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.nss.nhs.scot\/media\/4799\/pca\u2010o\u20102024\u201001.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Scottish Government.Scottish budget 2021 to 2022. Scottish Government;2021[cited May 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish\u2010budget\u20102021\u201022\/documents\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"National Records of Scotland.Scotland's census 2022 \u2013 national records of Scotland table UV201b \u2013 ethnic group (19) by age (6)all people country by age by ethnic group by individuals.2024[cited June 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk\/webapi\/jsf\/tableView\/tableView.xhtml"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201072240\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307724"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00886.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","unstructured":"Public Health Scotland.General ophthalmic services statistics.2023[cited June 2024]. Available from:https:\/\/publichealthscotland.scot\/media\/21862\/2023\u201009\u201012\u2010ophthalmic\u2010report.pdf"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.70007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1767785083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.70007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.70007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.70007","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}