{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:20:11Z","timestamp":1790032811015,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020485","name":"CooperVision","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020485","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent literature has demonstrated that \u2018low\u2010level red\u2010light therapy\u2019 may be effective at slowing axial elongation in children, but reports have questioned the safety of some red\u2010light devices. The current work explored the beam characteristics and hazard potential for a myopia control red\u2010light device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optical design and exiting beam characteristics of a sample red\u2010light myopia control device (SECONEE sky\u2010n1201a) were quantified by measuring beam divergence and total flux passing through artificial pupils of 1\u20139\u2009mm diameter placed at the corneal plane. Retinal exposure levels were compared to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) limits for ophthalmic instruments (Z80.36\u20102021).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two 655\u2009nm laser diodes created exiting red\u2010light beams (~9\u2009mm in diameter) that were approximately collimated by an internal pair of +10.00 D eye\u2010piece lenses resulting in exit vergences ranging from \u22123.25 to \u22127.75 D as interpupillary distance settings were adjusted from 52 to 70\u2009mm. Radiant power (mW) passing through the artificial pupils increased from 0.005 to 0.65\u2009mW as pupil diameters increased from 1 to 9\u2009mm. Using ANSI Z80.36\u20102021, time\u2010averaged retinal radiant exposures (J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) exceeded the\n                      <jats:italic>thermal<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>photochemical<\/jats:italic>\n                      limits for pupil diameters &gt;1\u2009mm and\u2009&gt;5\u2009mm, respectively. The time to reach potential\n                      <jats:italic>photochemical<\/jats:italic>\n                      radiation hazard (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was less than 100\u2009s for pupil diameters &gt;5\u2009mm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optical design and resulting beam characteristics of this sample red\u2010light myopia control device generate retinal exposure levels that vary with pupil diameter, accommodation and eye movements. Conservative estimates reveal retinal radiant exposures that can exceed ANSI safety limits. The \u2018low\u2010level\u2019 moniker is inappropriate for a device that either exceeds or is just below the ANSI threshold for potential retinal hazard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T13:11:31Z","timestamp":1756991491000},"page":"1905-1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Radiometric and safety assessment of a \u2018low\u2010level red\u2010light\u2019 myopia control device"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1910-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Gantes\u2010Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwestern University Arizona College of Optometry  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CooperVision, Inc.  San Ramon California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Kollbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886\u2010019\u20101281\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Walline J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Experimental myopia and anamalous eye growth patterns unaffected by optic nerve section in chickens: evidence for local control of eye growth","volume":"3","author":"Wildsoet CF","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00184-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201081363\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.5977"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"Notice of the Center for Medical Device Evaluation of the National Medical Products Administration on the release of the key points for the technical review of laser devices for myopia and amblyopia (No. 6 of 2024). 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