{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:04:48Z","timestamp":1786395888029,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explored potential effects of time of day and light filters on the ocular response to 1\u2010h myopic defocus and associated changes in melatonin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty healthy myopic adults (mean age\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 25.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9\u2009years; spherical equivalent: \u22124.12\u2009\u00b1\u20091.00\u2009D) participated in this study. Eight 1\u2010h visits, alternating between morning (9:00\u201311:00\u2009h) and afternoon (15:00\u201317:00\u2009h) were randomly scheduled on eight non\u2010consecutive days. Ocular measurements (axial length and choroidal thickness) of the right eye were taken at both the beginning and the end of each visit, following saliva sample collection for melatonin assessment. Two contact lenses were compared: single vision (control) and extended\u2010depth\u2010of\u2010focus (+2.25\u2009D myopic defocus), in combination with three sets of light filters (blue\u2010pass, red\u2010pass and neutral density filters).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Axial length elongated in the morning under three of the four conditions, with blue\u2010pass filters being the exception; no significant changes were detected in the afternoon except for the elongation with red\u2010pass filters. Both time of day and filters demonstrated significant effects on 1\u2010h axial length change (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; interaction of filter and timing,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The combination of blue\u2010pass filters and defocus showed an overall significant protective effect against axial elongation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). Melatonin concentration was influenced by time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), with concentration levels decreasing in the morning with neutral density and blue\u2010pass filters but remaining unchanged in the absence of blue light (with red\u2010pass filters). Choroidal thickness changes were not significant across all conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the impact of time\u2010of\u2010day and wavelength\u2010specific light exposure on axial length changes and melatonin levels. The protective effect of blue\u2010pass filters combined with myopic defocus highlights the potential of spectral light manipulation for myopia control. Further research is needed to investigate long\u2010term effects and validate these findings in real\u2010world settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T11:33:30Z","timestamp":1758195210000},"page":"1792-1800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of time\u2010of\u2010day and light wavelengths on ocular responses to defocus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Nicole","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales 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