{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:26:44Z","timestamp":1789586804183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003508","name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UV\u2010INV_PREDOC22\u20102153229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UV\u2010INV_PREDOC22\u20102153229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual and reading difficulties affect 80% of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite this, reading speed (RS) in PD has not been studied extensively. This investigation aimed to compare RS and reading acuity (RA) in participants with PD and in a control group (CG) using the Radner\u2013Vissum reading charts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CG inclusion criteria included no visual\/systemic or neurodegenerative diseases, no medications affecting vision, the ability to follow test instructions and providing informed consent. For PD participants, they were diagnosed by a neurologist, classified by the Hoehn and Yahr scale, received no vision therapy and had no dementia. Fifty\u2010two participants were recruited in each group. The Radner\u2013Vissum reading charts assessed RA and RS. Participants read sentences aloud with their optimal refractive correction. Analysed variables included: age, sex, RA, corrected RA score, maximum, mean and minimum RS (MAX\u2010RS, MEAN\u2010RS and MIN\u2010RS), total words per minute (wpm) read, distance to near visual acuity ratio and critical print size (CPS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PD participants exhibited reduced RS and RA, made more reading errors and had poorer RA scores than the CG (\u22120.05 vs. 0.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). MAX\u2010RS (201 vs. 191), MEAN\u2010RS (162 vs. 148), MIN\u2010RS (65 vs. 64) and total wpm (2023 vs. 1721,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) were lower in PD participants. Higher CPS values and lower logMAR\/logRAD (99.73% vs. 95%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) in PD participants indicated poorer reading performance (0.17 vs. 0.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant differences were found between PD participants at different Hoehn and Yahr stages, but a trend towards worsening was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with PD experience significant reading problems compared with CG, underscoring the necessity for targeted interventions. These findings highlight the importance of assessing reading skills to understand the limitations that people with PD face daily. Future research should focus on identifying specific treatment strategies and exploring additional factors that may improve reading performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T12:12:35Z","timestamp":1761221555000},"page":"1653-1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parkinson's disease and reading performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6892-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Herrero\u2010Gracia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caridad Valero","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova\u2010Ll\u00edria  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Perla","family":"Muedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova\u2010Ll\u00edria  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1886-6585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Ciuffreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, State University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Amparo","family":"D\u00edez\u2010Ajenjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Visual disability and reading difficulty in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"58","author":"Yu C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500420070009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/17.11.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38009-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199004000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0443-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200212000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199503000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200105000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2022.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580802233418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/opo.70032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1767785079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/opo.70032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/opo.70032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.70032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}