{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:13:54Z","timestamp":1792721634056,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia is a growing public health concern with long\u2010term risks for visual impairment. While Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses have proven efficacy in Chinese children, evidence from Western populations remains limited. This multi\u2010site interventional study evaluates the effectiveness of DIMS lenses in slowing myopia progression and their visual acceptability and tolerability among UK children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged 5\u201315\u2009years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of \u22120.50 to \u22128.50\u2009D, anisometropia \u22641.50\u2009D and astigmatism \u22642.50\u2009D were recruited. All participants were prescribed DIMS spectacle lenses. SER (cycloplegic autorefraction) and axial length (AL, IOLMaster) were measured at baseline and at 6\u2010monthly intervals for 24\u2009months. Measured axial elongation was compared to expected eye growth in age\u2010 and ethnicity\u2010matched untreated myopes from published meta\u2010analyses. Visual function (distance\/near visual acuity, stereoacuity, accommodative lag and ocular posture) and visual symptoms (participant questionnaire) were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 108 participants completed the study to 2\u2009years (baseline age 10.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u2009years). Model\u2010adjusted mean (SE) changes in SER and AL change were \u22120.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04 D and 0.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009mm at 12 months and \u22120.57\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 D and 0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009mm at 24 months. Compared to expected untreated myopic progression, children wearing DIMS spectacle lenses showed 0.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u2009mm (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) less axial elongation over 24 months, with 91% exhibiting slower than average untreated myopic eye growth. Measures of visual function were comparable through DIMS and single\u2010vision spectacle lenses. Fifty\u2010seven percent of participants reported no visual symptoms within the first week, and on average, visual symptoms were \u2018never\u2019 or \u2018seldom\u2019 experienced by participants after 12 and 24 months of DIMS wear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides robust and novel evidence demonstrating that DIMS spectacle lenses provide meaningful slowing of axial elongation among UK children. Minimal visual symptoms and preserved visual function throughout lens wear support their clinical viability and real\u2010world applicability for myopia management in diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T20:40:07Z","timestamp":1761684007000},"page":"1965-1980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS)\u00a0spectacle lenses in\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    children: Outcomes from a 2\u2010year multi\u2010site interventional trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"McCullough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science Ulster University  Coleraine 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