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Fortunately, technology has much to offer the surgical disciplines and the ongoing and recent operating room innovations have advanced preoperative planning and surgical procedures by providing visual, navigational, and mechanical computerized assistance. The field of computer\u2010assisted surgery (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content>) broadly refers to surgical interface between surgeons and machines. It is also part of the ongoing initiatives to move away from invasive to less invasive or even noninvasive procedures. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content> can be applied preoperatively, intraoperatively, and\/or postoperatively to improve the outcome of orthopaedic surgical procedures as it has the potential for greater precision, control, and flexibility in carrying out surgical tasks, and enables much better visualization of the operating field than conventional methods have afforded. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content> is an active research discipline, which brings together orthopaedic practitioners with traditional technical disciplines such as engineering, computer science, and robotics. However, to achieve the best outcomes, teamwork, open communication, and willingness to adapt and adopt new skills and processes are critical. Because of the relatively short time period over which <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content> has developed, long\u2010term follow\u2010up studies have not yet been possible. Consequently, this review aims to outline current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content> applications, limitations, and promising future developments that will continue to impact the operating room (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) environment and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> in the future, particularly within orthopedic and spine surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T05:16:42Z","timestamp":1496812602000},"page":"152-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Computer\u2010assisted Orthopaedic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roja","family":"Garimella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam E M","family":"Eltorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan H","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1213","volume-title":"Medical Robotics and Computer\u2010Integrated Surgery. 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