{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:24:34Z","timestamp":1772227474852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal fusion is one of the most common surgical interventions for spine reconstruction. Despite the efforts to promote osteogenesis after spinal fusion, osteogenesis after spinal fusion remains a clinical challenge and new methods are still needed. The bone morphogenetic protein\u20102 (BMP\u20102) is a widely reported factor that can facilitate the osteogenesis in spinal fusion. In previous research, we found that the delivery of chitosan nanospheres could promote the effects of BMP\u20102 on osteogenic activity. The coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) is one of the most frequently used implants in bone fusion. However, up to now no study has focused on the osteogenic efficacy of the CHA composite with recombinant human BMP\u20102 (rhBMP\u20102)\u2010loaded chitosan nanospheres. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the CHA implant with rhBMP\u20102\u2010loaded chitosan nanospheres on osteogenesis in spinal fusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rhBMP\u20102\u2010loaded microspheres and CHA composite (rhBMP\u20102 microspheres\/CHA) were prepared and were used for implantation of the rats. All SD rats were divided into four groups: the rhBMP\u20102 microspheres\/CHA composite group (containing 0.5 mg rhBMP\u20102), the rhBMP\u20102\u2010loaded CHA (rhBMP\u20102\/CHA) composite group (containing 0.5 mg rhBMP\u20102), the blank CHA group, and the negative control group. The microsphere morphology was scanned and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Micro\u2010computed tomography examination and three\u2010dimensional reconstruction were performed 4\u2009weeks after the surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted for histological analysis. Both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium content were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rhBMP\u20102\u2010loaded CHA (rhBMP\u20102\/CHA) composite was successfully prepared. Spherical regularity and a smooth and unwrinkled surface of the spheres were observed in all chitosan (CS)\/rhBMP\u20102 microspheres. No side effects, infections, or abnormal behaviors were found in the animals. After 4\u2009weeks of surgery, obvious new bone formation and bone fusion could be observed around the implant in both the rhBMP\u20102 microspheres\/CHA composite group and the rhBMP\u20102\/CHA composite group. No ectopic osteogenesis was found in the vertebral canal or other muscle tissues. After 4\u2009weeks of implantation, in both the rhBMP\u20102 microspheres\/CHA composite group and the rhBMP\u20102\/CHA composite group, osteoid tissues could be found, and bone cells, bone marrow, and trabecular bone turned into mature sclerotin, obvious bone tissue formation could be also seen. Both ALP activity and calcium content in the rhBMP\u20102 microspheres\/CHA composite group (6.52\u2009\u00b1\u20090.50 kat\/g and 17.54\u2009\u00b1\u20092.49 \u03bcg\/mg) were significantly higher than in all other groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The composite with rhBMP\u20102\u2010loaded CS nanospheres could enhance osteogenic efficacy and increase the ALP activity and calcium content. These results might provide a novel method for osteogenesis in spinal fusion and offer new insight into the role of BMP\u20102 in osteogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T19:41:30Z","timestamp":1603222890000},"page":"1947-1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preparation of Coralline Hydroxyapatite Implant with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein\u20102\u2010Loaded Chitosan Nanospheres and Its Osteogenic Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuan\u2010jun","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi Medical College  Shangrao China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian\u2010hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng\u2010piao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing\u2010shui","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6296-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Orthopaedics General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Risk factors associated with ischemic optic neuropathy after spinal fusion surgery","volume":"116","author":"Group PVLS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"E177","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for Spondylolisthesis. 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