{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:36:07Z","timestamp":1791412567813,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of heterotopic ossification (HO) after arthroscopic elbow release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study included 101 elbows, with arthroscopic release performed on 98\u2009patients over the 5\u2010year period from November 2011 to December 2015. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1, with elbow arthritis, including 46 elbows in 43 patients; group 2, with posttraumatic extrinsic elbow stiffness (without intraarticular adhesion), including 23 elbows in 23 patients; and group 3, with intrinsic contractures (with intraarticular adhesion), including 32 elbows in 32 patients. Arthroscopic elbow release was performed under general anesthesia. For intrinsic stiffness, a radiofrequency device was applied to release intraarticular scar tissue and create work space, which was rarely necessary in groups 1 and 2. In the postoperative period, X\u2010rays and CT scans were assessed at follow up to determine if there was HO formation, which was diagnosed when new calcifications were identified. The functional recovery was evaluated by comparing the range of motion (ROM) and pain relief preoperativley and postoperatively in each group. Other complications were also assessed postoperatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients\u2019 mean age was 38.6\u2009years (range, 12\u201366), with 57 males and 41 females. Mean follow\u2010up was 21\u2009months (range, 4\u201356). The active ROM and Mayo elbow performance index (MEPS) were improved from 93\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3\u00b0 to 126\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200912.4\u00b0 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and 71.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6 to 91.3\u2009\u00b1\u20098.7 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in group 1, 66\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3\u00b0 to 121\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200910.7\u00b0 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005) and 65.6\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2 to 93.5\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in group 2, and 46\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7\u00b0 to 91\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.1\u00b0 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 52.3\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4 to 80.6\u2009\u00b1\u20099.4 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005) in group 3. HO developed in 25\/101 cases (25%) and 4 patients with severe cases underwent repeat surgery. Those in group 1 were primarily arthritis patients; there were 3 out 46 cases with minor HO evident on X\u2010ray. In group 2, 1\/23 had minor HO. In group 3, 21\/32 patients had HO; 4 cases were considered severe, 4 were considered moderate, and 13 were considered minor. The average flexion\u2013extension arc was improved by 47\u00b0 at the last follow up. Other postoperative complications included 8 cases of prolonged drainage from portal sites, 17 transient nerve palsies, 1 permanent radial nerve injury, and 1 patient who developed delayed\u2010onset ulnar neuritis. This patient was fully recovered 5\u2009months after surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high incidence of HO formation after arthroscopic elbow release may relate to improper application of a radiofrequency device. Minimizing thermal injury from these radiofrequency devices could reduce HO formation and improve postoperative functional recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T07:10:30Z","timestamp":1605597030000},"page":"1471-1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Heterotopic Ossification after Arthroscopic Elbow Release"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chao\u2010qun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Huashan Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010sheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Xuzhou Renci Hospital  Xuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010guang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Huashan Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery  Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiu\u2010zhou","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Huashan Hospital, Fudan 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