{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:08:24Z","timestamp":1790024904858,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81802190\uff0c81772412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81802190\uff0c81772412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the distribution of sympathetic nerves of the ligamentum flavum (LF), confirm its existence by histological observation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and analyze the relationship between sympathetic nerve fibers and the biomechanical structure of the LF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomly controlled scientific research selected 15 cases of posterior surgery in the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University from January 2013 to December 2019. The average age was 67.5\u2009\u00b1\u200914.5\u2009years old, eight males and seven females. The LF specimens (completely separated fresh tissue) of different segments (C<jats:sub>3\u20107<\/jats:sub>) were taken during the operation. Two pages of LF specimens on the left and right sides of the same segment are randomly allocated by the pairing method for formalin fixation and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. LF specimens extracted from seven other adult cadaver specimens (average age at death of about 56.8 \u00b1 4.0 years, three males and four females) were used as a control group; together with formalin\u2010 fixed specimens obtained during surgery, 3D slices were given layer by layer. The distribution of sympathetic nerves in different parts of the LF was analyzed by glyoxylic acid\u2010induced biological monoamine fluorescent technique (SPG) and hematoxylin\u2013eosin (HE) staining. Fifteen liquid nitrogen storage specimens were divided into the back of the LF and the spinal canal through frozen sections, and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy\u2010hydrogen spectrum (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H \u2010NMR) for neurotransmitters and neurometabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were type C sympathetic nerve fibers in the LF, which were divided into linear shape (\u03b1) and wave shape (\u03b2). Experimental group (<jats:italic>\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> = 1.705, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) and control group (<jats:italic>\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> = 0.879, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) can detect no difference in fluorescence units. Nerve fiber transmitter metabolites choline (Cho), creator (Cr), \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) also indicate that the sympathetic nerve is present in the LF. LF sympathetic nerve fibers were mainly distributed in the proximal spinal canal surface, nerve fibers on the medial belt (area II) were fewer than the lateral belt (area I) (<jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic> = 210, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>HNMR spectrum of LF spinal canal PG \/ Cho (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 8.721, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), GABA (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 16.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) value increased, lactic acid (Lac) \/ Cr (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 4.213, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), Cho \/ Cr (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 2.402, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) value decreased, indicating that nerve fibers are actively metabolized on the surface of the spinal canal, mainly distributed in tube surface. \u03b2type fibers were more often distributed around microvessels. A small amount of \u03b1 type fibers went next to the vascular structures, while \u03b1 type fibers and \u03b2 type fibers go cross within LF. Two patients with vertebral artery dissection had no recurrence of sympathetic symptoms within a total of 12 follow\u2010ups 2\u2009years after discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are many sympathetic nerve fibers distributed on LF, and their distribution may be correlated with histological and mechanical characteristics of LF. It may also be the anatomical basis of cervical vertigo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T08:45:42Z","timestamp":1603097142000},"page":"1811-1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Histologic Observation and Significance of Sympathetic Nerve Fiber Distribution on Human Cervical Ligamentum Flavum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao 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