{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:08:23Z","timestamp":1774318103097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report a case series of calcaneal fracture\u2013dislocations, which have not been described previously in China, and to provide a systematic review to explore the clinic manifestations, methods for diagnoses, and treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between January 2018 and December 2019, 4 patients (4\u2009men; average age, 33.0\u2009\u00b1\u200916.67\u2009years; range, 15\u201350\u2009years) were diagnosed with fracture\u2013dislocation of the calcaneus and treated by surgery. We also reviewed published cases and studies of calcaneal fracture\u2013dislocations through the databases of PubMed and Web of Science between January 1977 and December 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between January 2018 and December 2019, 4\u2009cases were identified as calcaneal fracture\u2013dislocations in our hospital. The main clinical manifestations include hindfoot pain, swelling, and deformity. The diagnoses were confirmed <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> radiographic examination. Two patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and two were treated with a minimally invasive approach. Diagnosis had been missed in one patient and, consequently, presented with early signs of post\u2010traumatic arthritis, which may require extra subtalar arthrodesis in the future. Two patients were diagnosed inaccurately but achieved satisfactory outcomes through open reduction and internal fixation. The average follow\u2010up period was 9.75\u2009\u00b1\u20095.19\u2009months. Except for the 1 misdiagnosed patient, the other 3\u2009patients showed functional improvement. Only 23 fracture\u2013dislocations of calcaneus cases were reported in the literature between January 1977 and December 2019. There were 15 Sanders type II fractures (65.22%) and 7 (30.43%) Sanders type III fractures, and there was 1 grade II open calcaneal fracture. Among them, 1 was a medial dislocation and 2 were \u201cjoint\u2010elevation\u201d dislocations; the rest of them (20\/23, 86.96%) were lateral dislocations. A total of 11\u2009patients (47.83%) exhibited the double\u2010density sign, and varus tilt of the talus was revealed on plain radiographs for 9 patients (39.13%). Increased Bohler's angle was evident in lateral X\u2010ray films for 2\u2009patients (2\/23, 8.70%). A total of 21\u2009cases (86.96%) were treated with surgical intervention and achieved satisfactory outcomes. Only 1 patient was treated with external fixation. Another 2\u2009patients were treated conservatively and had poor clinic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calcaneal fracture\u2013dislocation is a rare injury that is challenging to treat. Clinical manifestations such as fibular tendon dislocation, the double\u2010density sign on profile radiography, and abnormal talar tilt in the distal talofibular joint are important signs that may indicate this rare injury pattern. Timely surgical intervention is essential for satisfactory clinic outcomes. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of this uncommon injury to avoid misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T07:29:11Z","timestamp":1615188551000},"page":"682-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lateral Fracture\u2013Dislocation of the Calcaneus: Case Reports and a Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department III of Orthopaedics Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University  Jinhua China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao\u2010ming","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department III of Orthopaedics Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University  Jinhua China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu\u2010dong","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640014546861"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30795\/scijfootankle.2018.v12.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200008000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199605000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Fracture dislocation of the calcaneus. 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