{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:29:52Z","timestamp":1785922192916,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exact mechanism of patellofemoral instability has not been clearly clarified. The current study aims to explore the correlation between the tibial tuberosity\u2010trochlear groove (TT\u2010TG) distance and other patellar stability parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 60 individuals aged 18 to 40\u2009years who underwent knee computed tomography (CT) examination between September 2014 and December 2017 were retrospectively recruited. Five reference sites were selected on the femoral trochlear articular surface in every CT image. The TT\u2010TG distance and the trochlear groove angles (TGA) at the five reference sites were measured. The patellar ligament length (PLL), patellar length (PL), medial patellar retinaculum length (MPRL) and lateral patellar retinaculum length (LPRL) were quantitatively analyzed. The TT\u2010TG distances on different knee sides or in different sexes were compared. The relationships between the TT\u2010TG distance and TGA, PLL\/PL, MPRL, and LPRL were analyzed by Spearman's method. Comparison analysis among patellar stability parameters was analyzed using ANOVA or two\u2010tailed Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variance analysis revealed no significant differences in the TT\u2010TG distances among the five positions of the femoral trochlea (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.67, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.62) but significant differences among the five femoral TGAs at the five reference sites (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0380.37, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Notably, an increasing tendency of the TT\u2010TG distance was observed in the sexes (male, range 16.61\u201319.68\u2009mm; female, range 14.37\u201317.38\u2009mm) and knee sides (left knee, range 14.37\u201318.43\u2009mm; right knee, range 15.80\u201319.68\u2009mm). The TGA at site 1 of the femoral trochlear cartilage was the largest, with an angle of 151.97\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200910.4\u00b0, and then gradually decreased to the smallest when the cartilage disappeared at site 5, with an angle of 92.05\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200910.01\u00b0. Interestingly, there was a positive relationship between the TT\u2010TG distance at site 1 and TGA in the right knees of males (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.490, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.033) as well as LPRL in the left knees of males (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.420; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.046). There were no correlations between the TT\u2010TG distance and the other patellar stability parameters, including TGA, PLL\/PL, MPRL, and LPRL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among young and middle\u2010aged populations, patella surgeries should be carefully determined based on the comprehensive consideration of these patellar stability parameters rather than the TT\u2010TG distance alone. Differences in sex and knee side should also be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T04:53:40Z","timestamp":1655441620000},"page":"1817-1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correlation Analysis between Tibial Tuberosity\u2010Trochlear Groove Distance and Other Patellar Stability Parameters in Young and Middle\u2010aged Populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tianjin Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tianjin Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tianjin Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tianjin Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-017-3501-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Click here to enter text","author":"Wolfe 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