{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T18:57:21Z","timestamp":1777143441597,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004751","name":"Department of Science and Technology for Social Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB1307603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1307603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L192061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the major difficulties in spinal surgery is the injury of important tissues caused by tissue misclassification, which is the source of surgical complications. Accurate recognization of the tissues is the key to increase safety and effect as well as to reduce the complications of spinal surgery. The study aimed at\u00a0tissue recognition in the spinal operation area based on electrical impedance and the boundaries of electrical impedance between cortical bone, cancellous bone, spinal cord, muscle, and nucleus pulposus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two female white swines with body weight of 40 kg were used to expose cortical bone, cancellous bone, spinal cord, muscle, and nucleus pulposus under general anesthesia and aseptic conditions. The electrical impedance of these tissues at 12 frequencies (in the range of 10\u2013100 kHz) was measured by electrochemical analyzer with a specially designed probe, at 22.0\u201325.0\u00b0C and 50%\u201360% humidity. Two types of tissue recognition models \u2010 one combines principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) and the other combines combines SVM and ensemble learning \u2010 were constructed,\u00a0and the boundaries of electrical impedance of\u00a0the five tissues at 12 frequencies of current were figured out. Linear correlation, two\u2010way ANOVA, and paired<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010test were conducted to analyze the relationship between the electrical impedance of different tissues at different frequencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that the differences of electrical impedance mainly came from tissue type (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), the electrical impedance of five kinds of tissue was statistically different from each other (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The tissue recognition accuracy of the algorithm based on principal component analysis and support vector machine ranged from 83%\u2013100%, and the overall accuracy was 95.83%. The classification accuracy of the algorithm based on support vector machine and ensemble learning was 100%, and the boundaries of electrical impedance of five tissues at various frequencies were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The electrical impedance of cortical bone, cancellous bone, spinal cord, muscle, and nucleus pulposus had significant differences in 10\u2013100 kHz frequency. The application of support vector machine realized the accurate tissue recognition in the spinal operation area based on electrical impedance, which is expected to be translated and applied to tissue recognition during spinal surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T13:15:49Z","timestamp":1659359749000},"page":"2276-2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tissue Recognition Based on Electrical Impedance Classified by Support Vector Machine in Spinal Operation Area"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bingrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongwang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Program Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3441-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiliang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Astronaut Research and Training Center Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Beihang University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.6.FOCUS20373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0816-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.10.FOCUS21506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3069549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051484"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"2205","article-title":"A novel probe for measuring tissue bioelectrical impedance to enhance pedicle screw placement in spinal surgery","volume":"10","author":"Li Z","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18360-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"ParkJ KimS ParkI editors.A multi\u2010pair electrode based impedance sensing biopsy needle for tissue discrimination during biopsy process. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 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