{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:13:50Z","timestamp":1789625630362,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment of osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the knee joint remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of osteochondral regeneration following intra\u2010articular injections of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) plus hyaluronic acid (HA) after arthroscopic subchondral drilling into OCDs of the knee joint.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five patients with OCDs of the knee joint are presented. The etiology includes osteochondritis dissecans, traumatic knee injuries, previously failed cartilage repair procedures involving microfractures and OATS (osteochondral allograft transfer systems). PBSC were harvested 1\u2009week after surgery. Patients received intra\u2010articular injections at week 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after surgery. Then at 6\u2009months after surgery, intra\u2010articular injections were administered at a weekly interval for 3 consecutive weeks. These 3 weekly injections were repeated at 12, 18 and 24\u2009months after surgery. Each patient received a total of 17 injections. Subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores and MRI scans were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at serial visits. At follow\u2010ups of &gt;5\u2009years, the mean preoperative and postoperative IKDC scores were 47.2 and 80.7 respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). IKDC scores for all patients exceeded the minimal clinically important difference values of 8.3, indicating clinical significance. Serial MRI scans charted the repair and regeneration of the OCDs with evidence of bone growth filling\u2010in the base of the defects, followed by reformation of the subchondral bone plate and regeneration of the overlying articular cartilage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These case studies showed that this treatment is able to repair and regenerate both the osseous and articular cartilage components of knee OCDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:26:06Z","timestamp":1702441566000},"page":"506-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Osteochondral Regeneration in the Knee Joint with Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cells plus Hyaluronic Acid after Arthroscopic Subchondral Drilling: Report of Five Cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khay\u2010Yong","family":"Saw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics Kuala Lumpur Sports Medicine Centre  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Anz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgery Andrews Institute  Gulf Breeze FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Siew\u2010Yoke","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics Kuala Lumpur Sports Medicine Centre  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"R&amp;D KLSMC Stem Cells  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo\u2010Fin","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Kuala Lumpur Sports Medicine Centre  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Dawam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D KLSMC Stem Cells  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha","family":"Ramlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D KLSMC Stem Cells  Kuala Lumpur 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