{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:34:06Z","timestamp":1772879646613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tibial tubercle is a crucial player in maintaining the structural integrity and functional stability of the knee joint. Currently, there is no standardized protocol for the classification and treatment of tibial tubercle fractures in adults. This study analyzed the incidence and treatment strategies of tibial tubercle fractures in adults according to the four\u2010column and nine\u2010segment classification system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data of patients with proximal tibial fractures involving tibial tubercle fractures who were treated at our hospital from August 2007 to March 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The fractures were classified using the AO\/OTA classification and four\u2010column and nine\u2010segment classification systems, and the treatment protocol (surgically treated or conservatively treated) was recorded. The number and distribution proportion of patients were counted. A two\u2010sided <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test was conducted to determine the significance of differences between the gender and sides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 169 tibial tubercle fractures were found in 1484 proximal tibial fractures. According to the AO\/OTA classification, seven of the 169 patients, (4.1%) were type A, 36 patients (21.3%) were type B, and 126 patients (74.6%) were type C. According to the four\u2010column and nine\u2010segment classification, type 1 cleavage without free fragments was the most common type of fracture (93\/169, 55.0%), followed by type 2 dissociative segmental fragments (48\/169, 28.4%) and type 3 comminuted fractures (28\/169, 16.6%). Overall, 139 of the 169 proximal tibial fractures with tuberosity involvement were treated surgically. Among them, additional fixation of the tubercle fragment was performed in 52 fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of tibial tubercle fractures involved in proximal tibial fractures was approximately 11.4% (169\/1484) in adults, and approximately one\u2010third of the tubercle bone fragment required additional fixation (30.8%, 52\/169). The injury types in the four\u2010column and nine\u2010segment classifications are helpful for accurately judging and making treatment\u2010related decisions for tibial tubercle fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.14122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T03:19:02Z","timestamp":1718853542000},"page":"1903-1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification and Treatment Strategies of Tibial Tubercle Fractures in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"},{"name":"Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"},{"name":"Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"},{"name":"Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ShengJie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burn The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8600-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Qidong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Nantong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1047","volume-title":"Fractures and joint injuries","author":"Watson\u2010Jones R","year":"1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062020-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"An unusual avulsion fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis. 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