{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:16:47Z","timestamp":1788549407165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fractures and bone nonunion commonly require surgical intervention. Serious outcomes of\u00a0non\u2010healing in the late stages of fracture place a significant financial burden on society and families. Bone nonunion occurs when a fracture stops healing, for many reasons, and leads to a variety of bad outcomes. Numerous factors, including biomechanics and immunology, are involved in the complicated mechanisms of bone nonunion. The immune\u2010inflammatory response plays a significant part in the emergence of bone nonunion, and the occurrence, control, and remission of inflammation in the bone healing process have a significant influence on the ultimate success of bone tissue repair. In the bone microenvironment, immune cells and associated cytokines control bone repair, which is significantly influenced by macrophages, T cells, and fibroblast growth factor. To limit acute inflammation and \u00a0balance osteogenesis and osteoblastogenesis for tissue repair and regeneration, immune cells and various cytokines in the local microenvironment must be precisely regulated. As a bad complication of late\u2010stage fractures, bone nonunion has a significant effect on patients\u2019 quality of life and socioeconomic development. Therefore, in\u2010depth research on its pathogenesis and treatment methods has important clinical value. To provide more precise, focused therapeutic options for the treatment of bone nonunion, we discuss the regulatory roles of the key immune cells engaged in bone healing within the microenvironment during bone healing and their effect on osteogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.14131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T23:39:46Z","timestamp":1719790786000},"page":"1770-1782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunomodulation Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bone Nonunion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Trauma and Bone\u2010Setting), Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Orthopedic and Traumatic Diseases Prevention and 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