{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:44:28Z","timestamp":1775616268337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a widely performed orthopedic procedure, yet postoperative infection, although rare, poses a significant threat to graft integrity and long\u2010term joint function. This review specifically focuses on therapeutic strategies for ACLR\u2010associated infections. Management strategies constitute the core of this review, centering on early surgical debridement, targeted antimicrobial therapy, and, in selected cases, graft retention or removal. Preventive and rehabilitative measures such as graft presoaking with vancomycin, strict intraoperative asepsis, and structured postoperative rehabilitation are also discussed. Long\u2010term functional outcomes are often suboptimal, emphasizing the importance of timely rehabilitation and individualized care. Rather than providing an exhaustive diagnostic review, we highlight therapeutic decision\u2010making and evidence\u2010based treatment pathways, supplemented by stratified comparisons of prospective and retrospective clinical studies. Ongoing research into biofilm\u2010targeting therapies is essential to optimize treatment protocols and minimize infection\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1773844098000},"page":"619-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Outcomes of Infections Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4141-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-01020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09782-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175063"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118803616"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105448"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24075"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.021"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","article-title":"Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Narrative Review of the Literature","volume":"12","author":"Cassano G. D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2179-3678"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25058"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231200822"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S369240"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2343"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.02.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515610505"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221119787"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-017-5278-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509346414"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513490665"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52628\/89.3.11518"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-024-00801-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1720-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2014.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1653950"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198301000-00017"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","article-title":"Double\u2010Bundle Versus Single\u2010Bundle Reconstruction for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Adults","volume":"11","author":"Tiamklang T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051501"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231186972"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2264-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105198"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231211606"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731327"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ostima.2023.100163"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211027302"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516658041"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-05882-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-06040-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211073928"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.10.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06819-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00112-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2020.11.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002080"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65546-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v10.i6.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmart.2021.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020336"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-023-00601-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30871"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05405-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-023-07463-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040562"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1435720"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23380"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675794"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2008.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118758626"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Reconsidering Strategies for Managing Chronic Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Using Decision Analytics to Find the Optimal Strategy Between One\u2010Stage and Two\u2010Stage Total Knee Revision","volume":"101","author":"Srivastava K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Interleukin\u20106, Procalcitonin and TNF\u2010Alpha: Markers of Peri\u2010Prosthetic Infection Following Total Joint Replacement","volume":"89","author":"Bottner F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2021.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202510900"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001626"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316211011682","article-title":"Vancomycin Presoaking of the Graft Appears to Prevent Infection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Figueroa F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"HSS Journal: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0002-2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","article-title":"Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgery: Current Insights and Future Directions for Surgical Site Infection Prevention","volume":"15","author":"Dhole S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad600"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-4865-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2013.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4055\/cios22344"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120915698"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2025.149291"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2021.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/18743250-v16-e2206300"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2123-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000324"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/os.70298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/os.70298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/os.70298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:52:28Z","timestamp":1775613148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/os.70298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/os.70298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/os.70298","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7853","1757-7861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7853","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-7861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}