{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:20:46Z","timestamp":1790223646785,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate and efficient patient registration remains a critical challenge in robot\u2010assisted spine surgery, where current methods often rely on invasive bone\u2010mounted frames or intraoperative imaging that increases radiation exposure and procedural complexity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article presents a novel non\u2010invasive and contactless spine registration system that integrates a skin\u2010affixed, radiopaque floating\u2010point mask with a robot\u2010mounted monocular camera. The system was evaluated in phantom experiments to quantify registration accuracy and pedicle\u2010screw\u2010axis targeting performance. The system autonomously establishes the pose of the pedicle\u2010screw axis relative to the mask (patient) and surgical robot coordinate systems. A monocular camera mounted on the robot captures live images of the mask in the operating theater, enabling real\u2010time visual recognition and tracking of the mask's elements. Advanced segmentation and pose estimation algorithms compute the spatial relationship between the vertebrae and the mask, accounting for accurate angular displacement between preoperative imaging and intraoperative patient posturing (CT\u2010to\u2010OT shift).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental validation on anatomically curved spine phantoms demonstrates millimeter accuracy in pedicle\u2010screw path localization. The system facilitates accounting for changes in patient configuration from CT scan posture to OT surgical posture to provide an objective and accurate reference for image\u2010guided pedicle screw placement. It eliminates intraoperative imaging while relying on preoperative CT and the registration was completed in under 4\u2009min per vertebra.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed system facilitates accounting for changes in patient configuration from CT scanner posture to OT surgical posture to provide an objective and accurate reference for image\u2010guided screw placement, achieving registration within 4\u2009min per vertebra. The invention facilitates frame\u2010free patient registration both in manual and robotic spine surgery. The work lays the foundation for clinical translation through future cadaveric and pilot studies. All results reported in this study are limited to controlled laboratory and phantom conditions. Clinical performance and intraoperative feasibility remain to be established in future patient studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/os.70342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:13:15Z","timestamp":1779693195000},"page":"1471-1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autonomous Frameless Spine Registration and Robot\u2010Assisted Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. A.","family":"Dwarakanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"},{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwarakanath","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliasgar","family":"Moiyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Centre for Treatment Research &amp; Education in Cancer  Navi Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jss\u201020\u2010492"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Lumbar Spinal Fusion: Advantages of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion","volume":"3","author":"Lestini W. 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