{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:26:03Z","timestamp":1782552363050,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang provincial health","award":["2012-576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-576"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pacing Clinical Electrophis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) leads to heterogeneous autonomic nerve innervation termed neural remodeling. The quantitative changes in neural density as a function of autonomic remodeling and its association with sustained AF has not been previously determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven dogs (paced group) were chronically paced with electrodes sutured to the epicardium of left atrial appendages. Seven dogs (control animals) were not paced. All paced dogs developed sustained AF by 5 weeks of pacing. The fat pads on the atrial epicardium containing ganglionated plexuses (GP) were separated along with underlying myocardial tissue. Immunocytochemical techniques were used to identify the neurons immunoreactive to anti\u2010tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and anti\u2010acetylcholine antibodies. After chronic AF, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia increased significantly. In paced dogs, the density of sympathetic neurons was 3,022 \u00b1 507 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the right atrial GP (vs control P &lt; 0.01), 8,571 \u00b1 476 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the ventral left atrial GP (vs control P &lt; 0.0001)\uff0c 6,422 \u00b1 464 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the dorsal atrial GP (vs control P &lt; 0.0001) and 5,392 \u00b1 595 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the inferior vena cava\u2010inferior atrial GP (vs control P &lt;0.0001), respectively. The density of parasympathetic neurons was 4,396 \u00b1 877 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the right atrial GP, 7,769 \u00b1 465 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the ventral left atrial GP\uff0c 7,016.47 \u00b1 687 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the dorsal atrial GP and 5,485 \u00b1 554 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the inferior vena cava\u2010inferior atrial GP, respectively, which was higher than control cohorts in corresponding GP (P &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence for the remodeling in atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia in the dogs with pacing induced AF. A significant increase of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons was present in atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1406089084000},"page":"1462-1469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Atrial Fibrillation Increases Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons in the Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"YANG","family":"YU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases First Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin Heilongjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CAO","family":"WEI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases First Hospital of Harbin Medical University  Harbin Heilongjiang 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