{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T11:10:01Z","timestamp":1746789001329,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pacing Clinical Electrophis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our understanding of lesion transmurality and continuity of non\u2010occlusive cryoballoon ablation (NOCA) is limited. In the present study, lesion dimensions under different conditions during NOCA were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulated NOCA was performed on freshly harvested canine left ventricular myocardial using the cryoballoon. We conducted experiments to evaluate the effects of (1) flow rate (0, 1, and 1.5\u00a0L\/min) and freezing time (120, 150, and 180\u00a0) on lesion dimensions during segmental NOCA and (2) overlapping manners between two sequential cryoablations (overlaps of half and two\u2010thirds the balloon area) on lesion continuity during linear NOCA. Lesion formation was assessed after 3\u20135\u00a0h using tetrazolium chloride staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) Experiments of segmental NOCA No differences were observed in maximal lesion depths among different flow rates (0, 1, and 1.5 L\/min) across cryoballoon. For ablation duration, 120\u2010s cryotherapy was able to penetrate to a maximal lesion depth of 6.45\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.80\u00a0mm, significantly smaller than those for 150 and 180\u2010s (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). (2) Experiments of linear NOCA: Maximal lesion depths of 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0120\u2010s linear NOCA were similar between two\u2010thirds and half\u2010size overlaps (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.192). However, non\u2010transmural lesions were more frequently observed in half\u2010size than two\u2010thirds overlap (56.3%\u00a0vs. 6.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>When performing NOCA, lesion depths did not vary significantly with convective flow around the CB. A 120\u2010s cryoapplication seemed to yield enough lesion depth and longer cryotherapy should be applied cautiously at a place in close anatomical contact with the esophagus. Additionally, a series of sequential applications in a half\u2010size overlapping manner might lead to non\u2010transmural lesions in the ablation line.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.15183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T12:15:10Z","timestamp":1743768910000},"page":"538-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lesion Transmurality and Continuity of Non\u2010Occlusive Cryoballoon Ablation on Canine Ventricle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2703-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanbao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology General Hospital of Northern Theater Command Shenyang China"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Beifang Hospital 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