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Putative risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content> are as follows: a family history of allergic disease, particularly in the mother, low birth order, season of birth, and severe atopic eczema. Obstetric practices, antibiotic use, and home environment are factors deserving further research. Diagnostic decision levels and component\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>g<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content> are useful in the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content>; however, oral food challenges remain the gold standard and may also be a means to reduce parental anxiety and to improve education. Oral immunotherapy studies show promise in increasing the threshold of reactivity of allergic patients and therefore improving their quality of life. In single\u2010nut\u2010allergic patients, introduction of other nuts allows broadening the diet and thus reducing the psychological impact of allergen avoidance. Nutritional deficiencies are not uncommon in food\u2010allergic children and should be specifically assessed. The prescription of injectable adrenaline is still insufficient and not consistent among practitioners, requiring improved training and implementation of guidelines. Current research into the epidemiology and immunological mechanisms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FA<\/jats:styled-content> and tolerance will enable us to devise strategies to both prevent and treat food allergies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T03:06:13Z","timestamp":1354244773000},"page":"698-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Food allergy and anaphylaxis in pediatrics: update 2010\u20102012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alexandra F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy Division of Asthma, Allergy &amp; Lung Biology King's College London MRC &amp; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK"},{"name":"Immunoallergology Department Coimbra University Hospital Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Gulbenkian Programme for Advanced Medical Education Lisbon, 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