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This review highlights the research developed in the past years aiming to show the characteristics of allergic and immunologic diseases in this vast country. Epidemiologic studies demonstrated the high prevalence of asthma in infants, children, and adolescents. Mortality rates and average annual variation of asthma hospitalization have reduced in all pediatric age groups. Indoor aeroallergen exposure is excessively high and contributes to the high rates of allergy sensitization. Prevalence of food allergy has increased to epidemic levels. Foods (35%), insect stings (30%), and drugs (23%) are the main etiological agents of anaphylaxis in children and adolescents. Molecular diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content>) showed a high incidence of fungal infections including paracoccidioidomycosis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010linked hyper\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>g<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content> syndrome, and the occurrence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCG<\/jats:styled-content> adverse reactions or other mycobacterial infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Education in pediatric allergy and immunology is deficient for medical students, but residency programs are effective in training internists and pediatricians for the practice of allergy. The field of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> requires further training. Last, this review is a tribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>rof. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>r. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>harles <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>aspitz, one of the pioneers of our specialty in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>razil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]],"date-time":"2013-04-12T02:38:56Z","timestamp":1365734336000},"page":"402-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pediatric allergy and immunology in <scp>B<\/scp>razil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nelson A.","family":"Rosario\u2010Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of Parana Curitiba PR Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirceu","family":"Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Condino\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa K.","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Costa\u2010Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata R.","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Camelo\u2010Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herberto J.","family":"Chong\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of Parana Curitiba PR Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo F.","family":"Wandalsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana P. 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