{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:11:34Z","timestamp":1780099894423,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,16]],"date-time":"2014-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory allergic symptoms impact on social life and school activities, influencing the patient's mood states. We evaluated the relationships between allergic respiratory diseases and depressive\/anxious mood in a large sample of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>talian middle school students, using the partial directed acyclic graph (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAG<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 1283 subjects aged 10\u201313. A health respiratory questionnaire including questions relevant to socioeconomic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCI<\/jats:styled-content>) and a test for depression and anxiety were administered. All subjects performed spirometry and skin prick tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A causal role of rhinitis on depression was found: the likelihood of being depressed increased from 11.2 to 17.7%, when rhinitis was present. Moreover, a direct effect of low<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCI<\/jats:styled-content>on depressive mood was shown (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) as well as the correlation between anxiety and depression (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Gender was not a direct causal factor for depressive mood, but their relation was mediated through anxious mood. Anxiety appeared to have a stronger association with depression than gender. Allergic sensitization was significantly related to both asthma and rhinitis (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001, respectively). Asthma and rhinitis were also directly associated (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Conversely, asthma was not directly associated with depressive mood, but their relation was mediated through rhinitis.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ody mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) and impaired lung function (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPF<\/jats:styled-content>) were not associated with the other variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of this novel approach to analyzing the dynamic relationships allowed us to find a causal role of rhinitis on depressive state. Moreover, anxious condition and low socioeconomic status contributed to induce depressive mood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T03:14:39Z","timestamp":1395026079000},"page":"360-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Rhinitis as a risk factor for depressive mood in pre\u2010adolescents: a new approach to this relationship"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Palma","family":"Audino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"La Grutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Cibella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"La Grutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Palermo Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Bucchieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Marcantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Cuttitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2008.00825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2009.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.012690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"TAD. 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