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We aimed to investigate (i) whether the pregnancy magnifies the Th2 immunity in allergic and non\u2010allergic women, (ii) whether the maternal chemokine levels during pregnancy influenced the offspring's chemokine levels during childhood and (iii) the relationship between circulating Th1\/Th2\u2010associated chemokines and allergy in mothers and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Th1\u2010associated chemokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>11, and the Th2\u2010associated chemokines <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>17, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>18 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22 were quantified by Luminex and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> in 20 women with and 36 women without allergic symptoms at gestational week (gw) 10\u201312, 15\u201316, 25, 35, 39 and 2 and 12\u00a0months post\u2010partum and in their children at birth, 6, 12, 24\u00a0months and 6\u00a0years of age. Total IgE levels were measured using Immuno<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content> Technology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levels of the Th2\u2010like chemokines were not magnified by pregnancy. Instead decreased levels were shown during pregnancy (irrespectively of maternal allergy status) as compared to post\u2010partum. In the whole group, the Th1\u2010like chemokine levels were higher at gw 39 than during the first and second trimester and post\u2010partum. Maternal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>11, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>18 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22 levels during and after pregnancy correlated with the corresponding chemokines in the offspring during childhood. Increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22 and decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10 levels in the children were associated with sensitisation and increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>17 levels with allergic symptoms during childhood. Maternal chemokine levels were not associated with maternal allergic disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic symptoms and sensitisation were associated with decreased Th1\u2010 and increased Th2\u2010associated chemokine levels during childhood, indicating a Th2 shift in the allergic children, possibly influenced by the maternal immunity during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,23]],"date-time":"2014-06-23T02:21:40Z","timestamp":1403490100000},"page":"387-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Th2\u2010like chemokine levels are increased in allergic children and influenced by maternal immunity during pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Martina S.","family":"Abelius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Clinical Research Centre Faculty of Health Science Link\u00f6ping University Link\u00f6ping Sweden"},{"name":"Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation Division of Inflammation Medicine Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Faculty of Health Science Link\u00f6ping University Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma","family":"Lempinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation Division of Inflammation Medicine Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Faculty of Health Science Link\u00f6ping University Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Lindblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation Division of Inflammation Medicine Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Faculty of Health Science Link\u00f6ping University Link\u00f6ping 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