{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:08:13Z","timestamp":1790276893623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NMRC\/CSA\/022\/2010, NMRC\/CIRG\/1344\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CSA\/022\/2010, NMRC\/CIRG\/1344\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NRF Create Program","award":["NRF370062-HUJ-NUS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF370062-HUJ-NUS"]}]},{"name":"Singapore National Research Foundation, National Medical Research Council","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rhinitis is common in early childhood, but allergic rhinitis is considered a later manifestation of the atopic march. This study aimed to evaluate rhinitis (allergic and non\u2010allergic) in the first 18\u00a0months of life, its link with other atopic manifestations and the role of respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects (n\u00a0=\u00a01237) of the Singapore <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GUSTO<\/jats:styled-content> birth cohort were followed up quarterly until 18\u00a0months of age with questionnaires to screen for rhinitis symptoms lasting at least 2\u00a0wk and with monthly calls to positive subjects to detect prolonged\/recurrent rhinitis symptoms (total duration \u22654\u00a0wk). Anterior nasal swabbing for molecular\u2010based virus detection was conducted during these visits and near (within a month) rhinitis episodes. Skin prick testing to common environmental and food allergens was conducted at the 18\u00a0month visit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prolonged\/recurrent rhinitis was significantly associated with history of parental atopy (mother: a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.17; father: a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.82) and atopic comorbidities of eczema (a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.53) and wheeze (a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.63) (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), though not with allergen sensitization. Although the frequency of nasal respiratory virus detection during scheduled quarterly visits did not differ between prolonged\/recurrent rhinitis and matched controls (p\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), virus detection was higher in swabs obtained within a month following rhinitis episodes in prolonged\/recurrent rhinitis subjects compared with scheduled visits (adjusted p\u00a0=\u00a00.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the duration of rhinitis symptoms, this study defined a subset of early childhood rhinitis which was associated with atopic predisposition and comorbidities. Persistent respiratory viral shedding may contribute to the symptomatology. Whether this entity is a precursor of subsequent childhood allergic rhinitis will require longer follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T06:05:46Z","timestamp":1419919546000},"page":"25-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rhinitis in the first 18\u00a0months of life: Exploring the role of respiratory viruses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony","family":"Hardjojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Allergy and Respiratory KK Children's and Women's Hospital Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette P.C.","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo P. S.","family":"Van Bever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oon Hoe","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Allergy and Respiratory KK Children's and Women's Hospital Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian Yi","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biju","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Allergy and Respiratory KK Children's and Women's Hospital Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boon Huan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiong Huak","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh Babu","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Y. T.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010E","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seang\u2010Mei","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Kwek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine KK Children's and Women's Hospital Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap\u2010Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Gluckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bee Wah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60526-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.2.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Guidance for Industry. 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