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The aim of the study was to analyze whether stimulated cord blood cytokine production is associated with the frequency of respiratory tract infection symptoms or infections during the first year of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The study population consisted of children of mothers from farm or non\u2010farm rural environment from Austria, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland who participated in a prospective birth cohort study (PASTURE<\/jats:styled-content>: Protection against Allergy\u2014Study in Rural Environments) (N = 550). Cord blood samples were stimulated with the combination of phorbol ester and ionomycin (P\/I) for 24 h, and the production of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, and IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 was determined using ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Information about infectious morbidity was collected using weekly diaries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>P\/I\u2010stimulated production of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105 (adjusted risk ratio (aRR<\/jats:styled-content>) for \u2264median production, 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>), 0.25\u20130.55, aRR<\/jats:styled-content> for >median production, 0.41; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.27\u20130.61 vs. production <detection limit) and IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 (aRR<\/jats:styled-content> for \u2264median production, 0.62; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.40\u20130.95, aRR<\/jats:styled-content> for >median production, 0.39; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.25\u20130.62 vs. production <detection limit) in cord blood were associated with lower number of weeks with reported middle ear infection. There was a tendency toward positive association with P\/I\u2010stimulated TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 production and middle ear infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Our results suggest that increased Th2\u2010 and Th1\u2010associated cytokine responses at birth may provide protection from later middle ear infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T11:39:21Z","timestamp":1474025961000},"page":"53-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhanced T helper 1 and 2 cytokine responses at birth associate with lower risk of middle ear infections in infancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Eija","family":"Bergroth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Central Hospital of Central Finland Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjut","family":"Roponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Karvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Protection National Institute for Health and Welfare Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leea","family":"Keski\u2010Nisula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Remes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University Hospital 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of Besan\u00e7on UMR\/CNRS 6249 Chrono\u2010Environment University Hospital Besan\u00e7on France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg J.","family":"Loss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Lauener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christine K\u00fchne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE) Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maija\u2010Riitta","family":"Hirvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Genuneit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry Ulm University Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Schmau\u00dfer\u2010Hechfellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics Philipps University of Marburg Marburg Germany"},{"name":"Member of the German Center for Lung Research UGMLC Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra I.","family":"Pfefferle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine, 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