{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T17:16:26Z","timestamp":1758820586988,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007112","name":"University of Cape Town","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences exist in the prevalence, spectrum, and severity of allergic diseases between developing and developed countries and between subpopulations within single countries. These discrepancies likely result from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. However, the precise nature of the contribution of ethnicity to genetic differences in the predisposition to allergic disease is not yet fully understood. In particular, there is a paucity of literature regarding the genetic determinants of allergic disease in people of black African origin with little or no genetic admixture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to analyze associations between 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s) and allergy phenotypes in the local Xhosa population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A convenience sample of 213 Xhosa teenagers was enrolled at a local high school. Phenotypic data were collected in the form of a symptom questionnaire, skin prick tests for common food and aeroallergens, total serum IgE, and IgE to<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>. In addition, genotyping was performed to establish the prevalence of putative pro\u2010inflammatory alleles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated several significant associations between polymorphisms and allergy phenotypes. In particular, 2 polymorphisms in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 gene (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>10 \u2010592A&gt;C and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>10 \u20101082A&gt;G) and 1 in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 gene (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>4 \u2010589C&gt;T) showed multiple associations with allergic sensitization and asthma phenotypes. Other polymorphisms, across a multitude of genes with discrepant functions, showed less consistent associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study represents an important first step in genotype\/phenotype association in this population. Further research is required to confirm or refute our findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T09:58:47Z","timestamp":1515059927000},"page":"311-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between pro\u2010inflammatory alleles and allergic phenotypes in Xhosa adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Laurence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red CrossWar Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lize","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Department University of Western Cape Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Curtin University Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Le Sou\u00ebf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Paediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Princess Margaret Hospital for Children Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergology Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.106609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 2001","volume":"52","author":"Arias E","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.11.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32833de6ee"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320589"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8263-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200607-146JG"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1979.tb02489.x","article-title":"Prevalence of asthma: a comparative study of urban and rural Xhosa children","volume":"9","author":"Van Niekerk CH","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2003.00062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"Associations between asthma and bronchial hyper\u2010responsiveness with allergy and atopy phenotypes in urban black South African teenagers","volume":"101","author":"Levin ME","year":"2011","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026807"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02491-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.033"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-320.x","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality due to ascariasis: re\u2010estimation and sensitivity analysis of global numbers at risk","volume":"2","author":"Silva NR","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.38.10.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01186.x"},{"volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]","year":"2015","author":"R Core Team","key":"e_1_2_6_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"WarnesG GorjancG LeischF ManM.Population genetics [Internet].2013. 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