{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:48:12Z","timestamp":1788306492639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/B\/NZ5\/00312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/B\/NZ5\/00312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Innate immunity response to local dysbiosis seems to be one of the most important immunologic backgrounds of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and concomitant asthma. We aimed to assess clinical determinants of upper\u2010airway dysbiosis and its effect on nasal inflammatory profile and asthma risk in young children with CRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited one hundred and thirty\u2010three children, aged 4\u20108\u00a0years with doctor\u2010diagnosed CRS with or without asthma. The following procedures were performed in all participants: face\u2010to\u2010face standardized Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life questionnaire, skin prick test, taste perception testing, nasopharynx swab, and sampling of the nasal mucosa. Upper\u2010airway dysbiosis was defined separately by asthma\u2010specific microbiome composition and reduced biodiversity. Multivariate methods were used to define the risk factors for asthma and upper\u2010airway dysbiosis and their specific inflammatory profile of nasal mucosa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The asthma\u2010specific upper\u2010airway microbiome composition reflected by the decreased ratio of <jats:italic>Patescibacteria\/Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic> independently of atopy increased the risk of asthma (OR:8.32; 95%CI: 2.93\u201023.6). This asthma\u2010specific microbiome composition was associated with\u00a0\u2265\u00a07\/week sweet consumption (OR:2.64; 95%C:1.11\u20106.28), reduced biodiversity (OR:3.83; 95%CI:1.65\u20108.87), the presence of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> strains in the nasopharynx (OR:4.25; 95%CI:1.12\u201016.1), and lower expression of beta\u2010defensin 2, IL\u20105, and IL\u201013 in the nasal mucosa. The reduced biodiversity was associated with frequent antibiotic use and with a higher nasal expression of IL\u201017 and T1R3 (sweet taste receptor). In asthmatic children, reduced sweet taste perception was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specific upper\u2010airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweet consumption, frequent antibiotic courses, and altered nasal immune function increases the risk of asthma in young children with CRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T17:30:16Z","timestamp":1606066216000},"page":"489-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Upper\u2010airway dysbiosis related to frequent sweets consumption increases the risk of asthma in children with chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Majak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Moli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Latek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Medical University of Lodz Lodz 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