{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:32:32Z","timestamp":1784547152568,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preschool wheeze is highly prevalent; 30%\u201350% of children have wheezed at least once before age six. Wheezing is not a disorder; it is a symptom of obstruction in the airways, and it is essential to identify the correct diagnosis behind this symptom. An increasing number of studies provide evidence for novel diagnostic tools for monitoring and predicting asthma in the pediatric population. Several techniques are available to measure airway obstruction and airway inflammation, including spirometry, impulse oscillometry, whole\u2010body plethysmography, bronchial hyperresponsiveness test, multiple breath washout test, measurements of exhaled NO, and analyses of various other biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically reviewed all the existing techniques available for measuring lung function and airway inflammation in preschool children to assess their potential and clinical value in the routine diagnostics and monitoring of airway obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If applicable, measuring FEV1 using spirometry is considered useful. For those unable to perform spirometry, whole\u2010body plethysmography and IOS may be useful. Bronchial reversibility to beta2\u2010agonist and hyperresponsiveness test with running exercise challenge may improve the sensitivity of these tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The difficulty of measuring lung function and the lack of large randomized controlled trials makes it difficult to establish guidelines for monitoring asthma in preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T11:10:43Z","timestamp":1606043443000},"page":"501-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Lung function testing and inflammation markers for wheezing preschool children: A systematic review for the EAACI Clinical Practice Recommendations on Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varpu","family":"Elenius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital and Turku University Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Chawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka L.","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Skin and Allergy Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Adamiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Ruszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6613-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Feleszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuomas","family":"Jartti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"EAACI Preschool Wheeze Task Force for Diagnostics of Preschool Wheeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20644"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of asthma among Canadian children","volume":"19","author":"Garner R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201301-017ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000099615"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.984842"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00128113"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0437ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020438"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2002.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.071290"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201801-0074ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2005013"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200110-018OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052885"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002722"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201807-503OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1141ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1328"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201110-1922OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08122067"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9905098"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054692"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1700OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.1079"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.00003914"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21507"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1875"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2005.09.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry system and anthropometric variables of preschoolers, children and adolescents systematic review","volume":"13","author":"De Assumpcao MS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00089403"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.6.494"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00023409"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00100813"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091475"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10010088"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9904081"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.4.2006119"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1627"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20805"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Exercise\u2010induced airway obstruction in young asthmatics measured by impulse oscillometry","volume":"20","author":"Lee JH","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00131613"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23977"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23627"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00041713"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3438"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.095018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00374-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18318"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-710ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20417"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1377OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12171"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00019811"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20055"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00031904"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006340.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-211540"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","first-page":"44s","article-title":"Sputum induction in children","volume":"37","author":"Gibson PG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201930"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20159"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22776"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.4.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20362"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1537OC"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119434","article-title":"Prediction of asthma exacerbations in children by innovative exhaled inflammatory markers: results of a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Vliet D","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13080"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0781"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12052"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03343.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00044414"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00010712"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00122411"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00026-2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_16_98_1","article-title":"Can exhaled volatile organic compounds predict asthma exacerbations in children?","volume":"11","author":"Vliet D","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095668"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14769"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13168"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13752"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2042606"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00926-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13234"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pai.13418","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pai.13418","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pai.13418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T19:53:06Z","timestamp":1693338786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pai.13418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pai.13418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pai.13418","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.13418\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0905-6157","1399-3038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-6157","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}