{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T21:45:56Z","timestamp":1786657556026,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical cross\u2010reactivity between bony fish, cartilaginous fish, frog, and chicken muscle has previously been demonstrated in fish\u2010allergic patients. In indicative studies, two reports of anaphylaxis following the consumption of crocodile meat and IgE\u2010cross\u2010binding were linked to the major fish allergen parvalbumin (PV). This study investigates IgE\u2010binding proteins in crocodile meat with a focus on PV and their clinical relevance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proteins were extracted from muscle tissue of crocodile, three bony fish, and two cartilaginous fish. A cohort of fish\u2010allergic pediatric patients (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a077) underwent allergen skin prick testing (SPT) to three fish preparations (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a077) and crocodile (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012). IgE\u2010binding proteins were identified and quantified by SDS\u2010PAGE, mass spectrometric analyses, and immunoblotting using commercial and in\u2010house antibodies, as well as individual and pooled patients\u2019 serum. PV isoforms were purified or recombinantly expressed before immunological analyses, including human mast cell degranulation assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the tissues analyzed, PV was most abundant in heated crocodile preparation, triggering an SPT of \u22653\u00a0mm in 8 of 12 (67%) fish\u2010allergic patients. Seventy percent (31 of 44) of fish PV\u2010sensitized patients demonstrated IgE\u2010binding to crocodile PV. Crocodile \u03b2\u2010PV was the major IgE\u2010binding protein but 20\u2010fold less abundant than \u03b1\u2010PV. Cellular reactivity was demonstrated for \u03b2\u2010PV and epitopes predicted, explaining frequent IgE\u2010cross\u2010binding of \u03b2\u2010PVs. Both PV isoforms are now registered as the first reptile allergens with the WHO\/IUIS (\u03b2\u2010PV as Cro\u00a0p\u00a01 and \u03b1\u2010PV as Cro\u00a0p\u00a02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fish\u2010allergic individuals may be at risk of an allergy to crocodile and should seek specialist advice before consuming crocodilian meat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T12:34:37Z","timestamp":1652445277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The first reptilian allergen and major allergen for fish\u2010allergic patients: Crocodile \u03b2\u2010parvalbumin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0856-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thimo","family":"Ruethers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Futures Institute James Cook University Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roni","family":"Nugraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Product Technology Bogor Agricultural University  Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya C.","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences Melbourne Veterinary School The University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina  Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaymaviswanathan","family":"Karnaneedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences The University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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