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Diagnosis of asthma\/wheezing was extracted from children's medical records. A spatiotemporal land\u2010use regression (ST\u2010LUR) model was used to assess maternal exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      during pregnancy and their children's exposure after birth. The Cox proportional hazards model and accelerated failure time model (for violation of proportional hazards assumption) were applied to estimate the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      on the risk of childhood asthma\/wheezing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 3725 children were included, and 392 children (10.52%) were diagnosed with asthma\/wheezing. Both prenatal and postnatal exposures to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      were positively associated with the risk of asthma\/wheezing. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure during the entire pregnancy (4.8\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and the period from birth to the end of follow\u2010up (1.5\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was associated with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 1.85] and 2.74 (95% CI: 2.59, 2.91), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed greater HRs for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures during the pseudoglandular stage (6\u201316 gestational weeks [GWs]: IQR\u00a0=\u00a04.8\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , HR\u00a0=\u00a01.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and canalicular stage (16\u201324 GWs: IQR\u00a0=\u00a04.8\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , HR\u00a0=\u00a01.13, 95% CI:1.03, 1.23) than other stages, and also showed significant effects in the first three\u2010year period after birth (IQR\u00a0=\u00a01.5\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , HR\u00a0=\u00a02.37, 95% CI: =2.24, 2.51).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher prenatal and postnatal PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures may increase the risk of childhood asthma\/wheezing. The pseudoglandular stage, canalicular stage, and the first three years after birth may be key susceptible to exposure windows.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T01:13:10Z","timestamp":1655601190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of early\u2010life exposure to\n                    <scp>\n                      PM\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <sub>.5<\/sub>\n                    on childhood asthma\/wheezing: a birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Guimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Public Health Guangdong Pharmaceutical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanhao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine Jinan University  Guangzhou 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