{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:41:54Z","timestamp":1787510514789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies in comparison with allergic diseases and sensitization between rural and urban environments in westernized countries might be biased and not adequately reflect countries undergoing rapid transition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5542 schoolchildren from urban area and 5139 from rural area were recruited for the EuroPrevall\u2010INCO survey. A subsequent case\u2013control sample with 196 children from urban area and 202 from rural area was recruited for a detailed face\u2010to\u2010face questionnaire and assessment of sensitization. Skin prick tests and serum\u2010specific IgE measurements were used to assess sensitizations against food and aeroallergens. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between risk\/protective factors, food adverse reactions (FAR), allergic diseases, and sensitizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence of self\u2010reported allergic diseases, including asthma (6.6% vs.2.5%), rhinitis (23.2% vs.5.3%), and eczema (34.1% vs.25.9%), was higher in urban than in rural children. Urban children had a significantly higher prevalence of FAR and related allergic diseases, and lower food\/inhalation allergen sensitization rate, than those of rural children. In urban children, frequent changing places of residency (odds ratio 2.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.45\u20135.81) and antibiotic usage (3.54, 1.77\u20137.32) in early life were risk factors for sensitization, while sensitization and family history of allergy were risk factors for allergic diseases. In rural children, exposure to rural environments in early life was protective against both allergen sensitizations (0.46, 0.21\u20130.96) and allergic diseases (0.03, 0.002\u20130.19).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a disparity in rates of allergic diseases and allergen sensitization between rural and urban children. In addition to family history, the development of allergic diseases and allergen sensitization were associated with specific urban\/rural environmental exposures in early life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:05:24Z","timestamp":1671667524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Allergic disease and sensitization disparity in urban and rural China: A\n                    <scp>EuroPrevall\u2010INCO<\/scp>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanyi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Jieyang People' Hospital  Jieyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiefeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nili","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rundong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary W. 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