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Several phenotypes of wheezing have been proposed to facilitate the identification of young children who are at risk of subsequent development of asthma. Epidemiological and immunological studies across different populations have revealed the key role of environmental factors in influencing the progression from preschool wheezing to childhood asthma. Significant risk factors include severe respiratory infections, allergic sensitization, and exposure to tobacco smoke. In contrast, a farming\/rural environment has been linked to asthma protection in both human and animal studies. Early and intense exposures to microorganisms and microbial metabolites have been demonstrated to alter host immune responses to allergens and viruses, thereby driving the trajectory away from wheezing illness and asthma. Ongoing clinical trials of candidate microbes and microbial products have shown promise in shaping the immune function to reduce episodes of viral\u2010induced wheezing. Moreover, restoring immune training may be especially important for young children who had reduced microbial exposure due to pandemic restrictions. A comprehensive understanding of the role of modifiable environmental factors will pave the way for developing targeted prevention strategies for preschool wheezing and asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T18:49:52Z","timestamp":1701110992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["From preschool wheezing to asthma: Environmental determinants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 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