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This may provide the opportunity for microbial stimuli and their environmental determinants to alter the disease course.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine the role of the genus\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n for atopic eczema in early childhood.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We analysed the bacterial composition in fecal samples of 618 children of the PASTURE (\u201cProtection against Allergy\u2014Study in Rural Environments\u201d) birth cohort using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples collected at 2 and 12\u2009months of age. Atopic eczema was defined as a parent\u2010reported doctor's diagnosis until 2\u2009years, and patterns of rash symptoms were classified by latent class analysis. We applied mediation models to assess direct and microbiota\u2010mediated effects of environmental determinants on atopic eczema.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n composition observed at 2\u2009months was inversely related to atopic eczema (OR\u2009=\u20090.68 [0.53\u20130.87],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002) and persistent rash. This association was not seen at 12\u2009months, when the composition of\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was altered. The effect of beneficial ASVs at 2\u2009months (OR\u2009=\u20090.72 [0.57\u20130.91]) was lost at 12\u2009months (OR\u2009=\u20090.97 [0.76\u20131.24]), when distinct bifidobacteria tended to be positively related to late\u2010onset rash.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The subgenus composition of\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n undergoes substantial changes in the first year of life. The protective effect of\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n depends on the ASV composition at the respective age of the infant, highlighting the importance of timing in prevention strategies targeting infant\u2010microbe interactions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T08:40:33Z","timestamp":1739263233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Janus face of\n Bifidobacterium<\/i>\n in the development of atopic eczema: A role for compositional maturation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Depner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana 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