{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1789499359207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Childhood asthma is one of the major public health concerns, and urbanization as well as worsening environmental factors are contributing to its increasing prevalence. Outdoor pollutants, such as PM2.5, ozone, and traffic\u2010related air pollution or TRAP, play significant roles in exacerbating asthmatic symptoms in children as well as reducing their lung function. Climate change can further compound these effects with changing pollen patterns that increase exposure to allergens in certain geographical areas. Moreover, indoor environments in urban areas also expose children to pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and aeroallergens like cockroach or mouse allergens. Socioeconomic disparities can further amplify these effects, with children in minority or low\u2010income households disproportionately burdened by asthma morbidity. Green infrastructure and technological innovations can offer mitigation opportunities for negative effects of urbanization but require careful implementation to address multifactorial contributors to childhood asthma. Our review highlights the need for integrated strategies regarding environmental regulation, urban planning, and targeted interventions to reduce asthma burden in the urban pediatric population.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/pai70137-fig-0002-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T04:02:50Z","timestamp":1751860970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Urbanization and childhood asthma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Teresia T.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tufts School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Atrius Health  Medford Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeside","family":"Akinbolagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thinh H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Phipatanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2021-001277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2018.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32259-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2014.35.3792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.071894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01140-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1307OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes8020013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-023-01093-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-015-0073-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health in Southern California children: findings from the Southern California Children's health study","volume":"7","author":"Chen Z","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1246899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.959594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-013-0674-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0142-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01082-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1026OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9799-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Agency USEP.Our mission and what we do.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/aboutepa\/our\u2010mission\u2010and\u2010what\u2010we\u2010do2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"Agency USEP.Summary of the Clean Air Act.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/laws\u2010regulations\/summary\u2010clean\u2010air\u2010act2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"Agency USEP.Review of the ozone national ambient air quality standards.Federal register2020.https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/12\/31\/2020\u201028871\/review\u2010of\u2010the\u2010ozone\u2010national\u2010ambient\u2010air\u2010quality\u2010standards2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201907-538CME"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04190-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216848"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","article-title":"Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma","volume":"2013","author":"Marcano Belisario JS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202401-115VP"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02663-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200908-083RM"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.07.047"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"602","article-title":"Environmental issues in managing asthma","volume":"53","author":"Diette GB","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0378-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60943-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s2323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705083361904"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.113-a310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00585-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.10.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2021.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90182-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0637OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1073PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-017-0169-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01447-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61777-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.21048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60832-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2025.46.250018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2022.2059672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","unstructured":"Radon asthma intervention trial.2024.https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06706336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2025.100402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.10.008"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pai.70137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pai.70137","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pai.70137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:40:52Z","timestamp":1773027652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pai.70137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pai.70137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pai.70137","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PAI.70137\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0905-6157","1399-3038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-6157","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70137"}}