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We investigated the association between infections, fever, and atopic diseases in a large international birth cohort setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3842 children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were followed prospectively for the first 10\u2009years for the occurrence of infections and atopic diseases within The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. A time\u2010discrete survival analysis was carried out to evaluate the association of self\u2010reported febrile and non\u2010febrile infections (respiratory, gastrointestinal, other, fever alone) and the risk of subsequent atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and allergies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rate of respiratory infections was positively associated with the subsequent risk of asthma (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.25\u20131.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Febrile respiratory infections increased the risk of asthma more than non\u2010febrile ones (febrile respiratory infection HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.42\u20131.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001; non\u2010febrile respiratory infection HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.18\u20131.30,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). In contrast, fever decreased the positive association of infections with the risk of other atopic diseases. Episodes of fever as the only reported symptom had a negative association particularly with the risk of atopic eczema (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39\u20130.71,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a longitudinal cohort study, fever shows a clear impact on how infections associate with subsequent atopic diseases. Understanding the modifying role of fever on risk offers new possibilities to explore the mechanisms that mediate the effect of infections in the atopic process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T08:54:47Z","timestamp":1759395287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of fever and infections with the subsequent risk of atopic diseases in children with genetic susceptibility for T1D: Results from the TEDDY cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Palmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Elding Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6\/Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian F.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berglind","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Childrens Hospital Iceland  Reykjav\u00edk Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Cilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6\/Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Rewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Hy\u00f6ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"L\u00f6nnrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the TEDDY Study 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