{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:22:54Z","timestamp":1791040974069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005850","name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/35"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V033743\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V033743\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101020088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101020088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimating the prevalence and identifying risk factors for allergic rhinitis (AR) provides critical burden of disease data and offers opportunity to intervene in early\u2010life preventing morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a Global Asthma Network (GAN) Phase I cross\u2010sectional study in children (6\u20137\u2009years) and adolescents (13\u201314\u2009years). Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted with random intercepts for school, center, and country, adjusting for sex and country income at the child level. Associations between symptoms and a range of lifestyle and environmental risk factors were assessed using odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for mean individual and school exposure. Participants provided informed consent\/assent, and each center was required to provide proof of ethical clearance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from 266,182 children and adolescents across 1688 schools in 65 centers for AR symptoms. Prevalence was 8.5% in children and 13.3% in adolescents. Early\u2010life exposures strongly associated with AR included paracetamol use (OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.89\u20132.18) and antibiotics (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.56\u20131.78), with a stronger effect for antibiotics in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). Farm animal exposure increased AR risk among LMIC children (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.53). In adolescents, computer use (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.22\u20131.35) and tobacco use (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.29\u20131.46) were significant risk factors. Heavy truck traffic consistently elevated AR risk in both age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of AR is stable; early\u2010life exposures to animals increased the risk for AR in children from LMICs. Lifestyle factors and poor air quality from traffic\u2010related pollutants increase the risk of AR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T11:26:23Z","timestamp":1775820383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental risk factors for allergic rhinitis differ by income level: A Global Asthma Network survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Refiloe","family":"Masekela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene &amp; 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