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We have earlier identified dog\u2010associated bacterial and fungal signals in house\u2010dust microbiota. The aim of this study was to determine whether these signals in house dust mediate the dog keeping associated positive health effects in the first year of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 368 Finnish children from pregnancy and collected weekly diary data on otitis, fever, usage of antibiotics, and dog keeping from 9th to 52nd postnatal weeks. The dog\u2010associated signals in house dust microbiota included the abundance of 12 bacterial and two fungal genera, which were determined alongside richness with Illumina MiSeq sequencing from floor dust samples collected at the child age of 2\u2009months. Bacterial cell concentrations in floor dust were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used for statistical analyses of the microbe\u2010health associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight of the dog\u2010associated genera individually explained 10%\u201323% of the protective associations between dog keeping and at least one health outcome. The strongest effect was observed for the\n                      <jats:italic>Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in relation to fever weeks. In addition, three correlated bacterial genera together explained 25% of the dog\u2010associated reduction in antibiotic use. Bacterial or fungal richness, total cell concentrations, or proportion of human\u2010sourced bacteria in house dust did not significantly mediate the dog\u2010associated health effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific dog\u2010associated bacterial and fungal genera in house dust, but not richness, explained partly the associations between dog keeping and lower prevalence of respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:26:22Z","timestamp":1781324782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of dog keeping in the home microbiota and its impact on children's health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-9422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenni M.","family":"M\u00e4ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirkka V.","family":"Kirjavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"T\u00e4ubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauli","family":"Tuoresm\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"Piippo\u2010Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Pekkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Kuopio 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