{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:07:52Z","timestamp":1788840472336,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic sensitization and respiratory infections are common in childhood. The \u201ctwo\u2010hit\u201d hypothesis suggests these interact in early\u2010life to increase risk of subsequent asthma. The \u201ctwo\u2010hit\u201d effect on lung function, however, remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed for interactions between food allergic sensitization and respiratory infection in infancy and associations with lung function in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a longitudinal community\u2010based cohort, sensitization was assessed at age 1\u2009year by skin prick testing to common food allergens. Respiratory infection was assessed via parental reports of doctor diagnosed bronchiolitis or antibiotics for lower respiratory infection in the first year of life. Regression models were fitted with interactions between these exposures to assess for associations with lung function at ages 6 and 10\u2009years, controlling for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No interaction was observed between food sensitization and lower respiratory infection in infancy on lung function at either age 6 or 10\u2009years. Respiratory infection was associated with modest reductions in lung function at age 10\u2009years for post\u2010bronchodilator FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      in both sensitized (\u22120.25, 95% CI: \u22120.55 to 0.05\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score units,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.108,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009285) and non\u2010sensitized (\u22120.12, 95% CI: \u22120.26 to 0.02\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score units,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.081,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091179) children. Similar patterns were observed for FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC, FVC, and FEF\n                      <jats:sub>25\u201375<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Associations were weaker and less consistent at age 6\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two\u2010hit interaction between food sensitization and respiratory infection during infancy on subsequent lung function was not confirmed. Early\u2010life lower respiratory infection was however associated with modest reductions in lung function at age 10\u2009years, regardless of sensitization status.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/pai70427-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:51:29Z","timestamp":1784703089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allergic sensitization and respiratory infection in infancy\u2014Too early for two\u2010hits on lung function?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyamali C.","family":"Dharmage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Lodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Koplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Child Health Research Centre University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina J.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi L. 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