{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:34:02Z","timestamp":1793385242968,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE031025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI152011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI152011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) often develops in early childhood and may persist into adulthood. Noninvasive measures to identify infants at risk for AD are limited. We investigated whether oral biomarkers and oral microbiota are associated with AD onset within the first 2\u2009years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective cohort study, we followed 119 infants residing in Upstate New York from birth to 24\u2009months (2018\u20132023). AD diagnoses were obtained from electronic health records. Saliva samples were collected at seven time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24\u2009months) and analyzed for 5 hormones and 23 cytokines using multiplex immunoassays. Salivary microbiome profiles were characterized via metagenomic sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nearly half (48%) of infants developed AD by age 2, with most cases manifesting by 12\u2009months (42%) and peak incidence occurring between months 2\u20134. Infants who developed AD by 1\u2009year demonstrated significantly elevated estradiol (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.007) and progesterone (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.046) at 1\u2009month, and a significantly lower salivary cortisol level (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.019) at 6\u2009months. Additionally, these infants exhibited higher sIL\u20101ra (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.024) and IL\u20109 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.034) in saliva at 4\u2009months and lower IL\u20101\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.038) at 6\u2009months. Salivary microbiome beta diversity differed significantly at 2\u2009months between infants with and without AD by 1\u2009year (p\u2009=\u2009.038), with lower differential abundances of\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Veillonella atypica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in early infancy prior to AD onset.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early\u2010life salivary biomarkers, including hormonal, cytokine, and microbiome signatures, may serve as noninvasive indicators of infants at risk for early AD onset.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/pai70468-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:18:33Z","timestamp":1787552313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary\n                    <scp>OMICS<\/scp>\n                    factors associated with atopic dermatitis in early infancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Alomeir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Institute for Oral Health University of 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