{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:01:25Z","timestamp":1790359285285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The CORAL 2020 birth cohort examined health outcomes and feeding practises in infants born during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, a period of reduced social mixing and altered healthcare utilization during a critical period of immune development. The 2025 FLORAL (FoLlow\u2010on from CORAL) cohort was established to determine whether findings from the CORAL cohort were specific to the pandemic period or reflected broader evolving trends.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n FLORAL is a prospective observational birth cohort study recruiting term infants born between March and May 2025 across three Dublin maternity hospitals using almost identical methodology to the CORAL cohort. Assessments included parent\u2010completed questionnaires and in\u2010patient study visits. Outcomes at 6\u2009months were compared between FLORAL and CORAL cohorts to examine differences in early\u2010life exposures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 574 infants whose parents provided consent, 485 completed the enrolment questionnaire. At 6\u2009months, 442 participants completed the six\u2010month follow\u2010up questionnaire and 440 attended the in\u2010person study visit. Demographic characteristics were broadly comparable between cohorts. FLORAL infants had numerically higher rates of reported infections (33.3% vs. 28%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.12), hospitalization (13.1% vs. 5.1%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), and antibiotic exposure (13.1% vs. 6.2%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002) compared with CORAL infants. However, the introduction of allergenic foods occurred significantly more frequently in FLORAL, with peanut introduced in 44% of infants compared with 13.6% in CORAL (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Compared with pandemic\u2010born infants, post\u2010pandemic infants experienced increased infection\u2010related healthcare utilization and increased antibiotic exposure, alongside sustained high breastfeeding rates and substantially earlier allergen introduction. These may influence microbiome development and later atopic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:39:47Z","timestamp":1789576787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010life exposures in infants born during and after the\n COVID<\/scp>\n \u201019 pandemic: A comparative prospective observational study of the\n CORAL<\/scp>\n and\n FLORAL<\/scp>\n birth cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5531-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anitha","family":"Sokay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6127-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinead","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Iatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Verdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3968-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Crupper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Hanoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iria Manas","family":"Miramontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Bout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Dimakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Halpenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Coombe Hospital Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Coombe Hospital Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"McCallion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Rotunda 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and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Central Statistics Office.Vital statistics annual report 2023: births 2023.2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Central Statistics Office.Census of population 2022 profile 5: diversity migration ethnicity irish travellers and religion.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"National Women and Infants Health Programme H.Irish Maternity 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