{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:00:52Z","timestamp":1790359252339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Particulate matter with a diameter of \u22642.5 micrometers (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) is associated with respiratory and allergic diseases. However, the longitudinal impact on pediatric rhinitis control remains limited.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine the association between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure and symptom control in pediatric patients with chronic rhinitis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This prospective longitudinal study (July 2024\u2013August 2025) followed children with chronic rhinitis in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Rhinitis symptom severity was assessed weekly using a visual analog scale (VAS), with covariates such as medication use and concurrent respiratory infections. A 1\u2010week average PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n concentration preceding VAS assessment (via Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation) was estimated. Associations between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure and VAS were analyzed using multivariable mixed\u2010effects and fixed\u2010effects linear regression models. Additional analyses were stratified by aeroallergen sensitization status (allergic rhinitis versus nonallergic rhinitis).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 146 children followed for a median of 52\u2009weeks, higher PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure (per 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) was consistently associated with increased VAS (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n coefficient; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.260; 0.215\u20130.306,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Wet season, concurrent respiratory infections, and medication use were also associated with increased VAS. These associations were observed in both allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Higher short\u2010term ambient PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure was associated with greater rhinitis symptom severity in children with chronic rhinitis. These findings support consideration of ambient air pollution as an environmental factor in pediatric rhinitis management.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.70493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:43:57Z","timestamp":1790235837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of particulate matter 2.5 exposure on severity of pediatric chronic rhinitis: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7978-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinrada","family":"Naka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratchaneewan","family":"Sinitkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ussanai","family":"Nithirochananont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo\u2010Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency Chonburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watcharoot","family":"Kanchongkittiphon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Potjanee","family":"Kiewngam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok 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Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4278-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiparat","family":"Manuyakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137511"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Report on the Situation and Management of Air and Noise Pollution in Thailand","author":"Pollution Control Department","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"Report on the Situation and Management of Air and Noise Pollution in Thailand","author":"Pollution Control Department","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"640","volume-title":"Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice","author":"Bachert C","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for allergic rhinitis in Thai patients","volume":"23","author":"The Royal College of Otolaryngologists \u2013 Head and Neck Surgeons of Thailand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thai J Otolaryngol Head Neck 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