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However, this evolutionary scenario is contingent on poorly constrained inferences of the feeding ecology of extinct stem\u2010gnathostomes. Heterostracans are among the earliest members of the gnathostome stem\u2010lineage. Pteraspidiform heterostracans possessed an oral apparatus composed of rod\u2010like plates that has been interpreted as being used for either passive suspension feeding or mechanical food processing. Direct tests of the suspension feeding interpretation are challenging and so we tested hypotheses of mechanical function using a combination of microstructural and finite element analysis. Our results demonstrate a negative relationship between simulated minimum principal stress (mostly compressive stress) and bone volume fraction (a proxy for internal microstructure); the higher the stress, the higher the bone volume fraction. This relationship is clearest in the oral plate shaft. The hook, where a load would be applied, shows the highest bone volume fraction values. Our results are compatible with the adaption of skeletal microstructure to mechanical function in which bone adaptively remodels under applied load to become denser to withstand increased stress. On this basis we reject the suspension feeding hypothesis in favour of a mechanical function for oral plates, such as deposit feeding or scavenging, in support for which we observe wear patterns on the aboral surface and the distal tip of the hook compatible with repeated abrasive polishing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T10:34:37Z","timestamp":1732098877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Finite element and microstructural analyses indicate that pteraspid heterostracan oral plate microstructure was adapted to a mechanical function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madleen","family":"Grohganz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ballell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Rayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-8424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto G.","family":"Ferr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8444-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerina","family":"Johanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum  Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip C. 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