{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:19:00Z","timestamp":1786623540529,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early epinephrine administration in cardiac arrest seems to be advantageous to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROSC<\/jats:styled-content>). Because intravenous (i.v.) or intraosseous access is not always immediately available, this study compares efficacy of early intramuscular (i.m.) epinephrine administration with early and delayed i.v. epinephrine injection in an animal cardiac arrest model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Piglets anesthetized with sevoflurane were intoxicated by an i.v. ropivacaine infusion until circulatory arrest. After 1\u00a0min basic life support (chest compression and ventilation), epinephrine i.v. (10\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>) or epinephrine i.m. (100\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IM<\/jats:styled-content>) or normal saline (group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content>) was applied. Further doses of epinephrine were given in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> every 4\u00a0min and in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IM<\/jats:styled-content> after 10\u00a0min if required. Twenty\u2010one minutes after circulatory arrest, i.v. epinephrine \u2013 as necessary \u2013 was given to all animals. Thus, group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content> represents late epinephrine administration. Outcomes were survival and time to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROSC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four pigs aged 19.5 (median, interquartile range 16\u201322) days, weighing 5.4 (5.0\u20135.7) kg were investigated. Total amount of ropivacaine administered was 8.9 (8.1\u201310.1) mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Cardiac rhythm before starting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPR<\/jats:styled-content> was pulseless electric activity and asystole in 15 and 9 pigs, respectively. Eight, seven, and four pigs survived in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> IM<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content>. Focusing on surviving animals, time to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROSC<\/jats:styled-content> was 2, 4 and 19.5\u00a0min in group <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> IM<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early i.m. epinephrine provided similar survival compared with early i.v. epinephrine and was superior to delayed epinephrine administration in resuscitation of ropivacaine\u2010induced cardiac arrest in piglets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T09:02:54Z","timestamp":1364806974000},"page":"906-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Intravenous versus intramuscular epinephrine administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation \u2013 a pilot study in piglets"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Mauch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone K.","family":"Ringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Anesthesiology Equine Department Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Spielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(84)80455-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31820dc9ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4501.098926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2006.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2006.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32832b1067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.119409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12059"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpan.12149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.12149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T11:12:36Z","timestamp":1696158756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.12149"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.12149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12149","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}}}