{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:54:59Z","timestamp":1768881299334,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are occasionally encountered in children with congenital anomalies or micrognathia. However, no study has elucidated anatomical etiology in relation to craniofacial development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Two hundred ten patients aged 8\u00a0months\u201318\u00a0years were analyzed. We analyzed the lateral cephalograms of: (i) eight patients in whom laryngoscopy was anticipated as difficult before anesthesia and who were unable to be intubated by direct laryngoscopy and needed fiberoptic bronchoscopy (group A<\/jats:styled-content>); (ii) 11 patients in whom laryngoscopy was anticipated as difficult before anesthesia but who were able to be intubated by direct laryngoscopy (group B<\/jats:styled-content>); and (iii) 191 patients in whom laryngoscopy was anticipated as easy before anesthesia and was actually found to be easy (group C<\/jats:styled-content>). Eight cephalometric parameters were measured and age\u2013parameter relationships were plotted. Logistic regression analysis was performed to characterize group A<\/jats:styled-content> children for each of the cephalometric variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Apparently insufficient growth of the mandible was observed in the group A<\/jats:styled-content> children. Furthermore, the group A<\/jats:styled-content> children of aged <4\u00a0years had undeveloped maxilla, longer mandibular plane\u2013hyoid distances (\u22651.3\u00a0cm), and deeper depth of the oropharynx; those of aged \u22654\u00a0years showed increased inclination of the mandible (sella\u2013nasion plane to mandibular plane angle of \u226546.5\u00b0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are expected in children aged <4\u00a0years with lower\u2010positioned hyoid bone caused by caudal larynx as well as undeveloped maxilla and mandible, and in those aged \u22654\u00a0years with increased inclination of the mandible as well as undeveloped mandible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T13:32:45Z","timestamp":1366896765000},"page":"994-1001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Features of lateral cephalograms associated with difficult laryngoscopy in J<\/scp>apanese children undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kohjitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouichi","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Field of Developmental Medicine Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norifumi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Iwase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Nishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orofacial Pain Management Department of Oral Restitution Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuna","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/71.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/65.3.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199212000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1984.tb08932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2012.03813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/76.6.757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01762.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)70074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01769.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.4.469"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpan.12178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.12178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T21:20:00Z","timestamp":1696195200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.12178"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.12178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12178","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]}}}