{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:27:12Z","timestamp":1787239632872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,13]],"date-time":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Continuous opioid infusion (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) remains the mainstay of analgesic therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Parent\/nurse\u2010controlled analgesia (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) has been accepted as safe and effective for pediatric patients, but few reports include use in neonates. This study sought to compare outcomes of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in postsurgical neonates and young infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty infants treated with morphine\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were retrospectively compared with 13 infants treated with fentanyl\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in a Midwestern pediatric hospital in the United States. Outcome measures included opioid consumption, pain scores, frequency of adverse events, and subsequent methadone use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group (median 6.4\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      morphine equivalents, range 0.0\u201331.4) received significantly less opioid (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) than the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group (median 40.0\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      morphine equivalents; range 20.0\u2013153.3), across postoperative days 0\u20133. Average daily pain scores (based on 0\u201310 scale) were low for both groups, but median scores differed nonetheless (0.8\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      vs 0.3\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse events or methadone use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results suggest\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may be a feasible and effective alternative to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for pain management in postsurgical infants in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NICU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Results also suggest\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may provide more individualized care for this vulnerable population and in doing so,\n                      <jats:italic>may potentially<\/jats:italic>\n                      reduce opioid consumption; however, more studies are needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,13]],"date-time":"2014-01-13T04:13:47Z","timestamp":1389586427000},"page":"377-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Is there an alternative to continuous opioid infusion for neonatal pain control? A preliminary report of parent\/nurse\u2010controlled analgesia in the neonatal intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane B. Pettit Pain Management Center Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri","family":"Hainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane B. Pettit Pain Management Center Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie J.","family":"Arca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Uhing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Varadarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane B. 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