{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:30:35Z","timestamp":1793655035732,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of sedative agents for difficult to manage children during dental procedures has been indicated for years, but neither the agent nor the route has been found to be ideal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of oral dexmedetomidine (D) and ketamine (K) in producing moderate sedation among uncooperative pediatric dental patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective, triple\u2010blind, randomized comparative study included 112 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASA<\/jats:styled-content> grade I children of both sexes aged 3\u201310\u00a0years, who satisfied all the inclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into four groups and ketamine 8\u00a0mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (K) or dexmedetomidine 3\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (D1), 4\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (D2) and 5\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (D3) were given orally. Similar dental procedures were performed in these patients, and effects of these drugs were assessed in terms of changes in vital signs, onset and duration of sedation, analgesia, and amnesia. Secondary outcomes such as level of sedation, behavior, adverse effects, and overall success were also measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The onset of sedation was significantly rapid with K and D3 as compared to D1 and D2. Recovery from sedation was fastest in group D1. Intra\u2010 and postoperative analgesia and anterograde amnesia were highest with K and least with D1, while D3 produced analgesia comparable to K. In K treated group, vomiting was observed in five patients and two patients exhibited emergence phenomenon. Overall, highest success rate was observed in D3 group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given by oral route, the novel sedative dexmedetomidine provides dose\u2010dependent effective analgo\u2010sedation, comparable to ketamine, with less adverse effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T13:28:08Z","timestamp":1406294888000},"page":"1252-1259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A comparative evaluation of analgo\u2010sedative effects of oral dexmedetomidine and ketamine: a triple\u2010blind, randomized study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Charanjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry King George's Medical University Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh K.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry King George's Medical University Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Saksena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology King George's Medical University Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia King George's Medical University Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Guideline for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients During and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures","volume":"33","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"HallonstenAL JensenB RaadalMet\u00a0al.EAPD Guidelines on Sedation in Paediatric Dentistry2003http:\/\/www.eapd.gr\/dat\/5CF03741\/file.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"538","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Goodman LS","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.01114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"Oral ketamine for pediatric outpatient dental surgery sedation","volume":"15","author":"Alfonzo\u2010Echeverri EC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"A comparison of two oral ketamine\u2010diazepam regimens for sedating anxious pediatric dental patients","volume":"18","author":"Reinemer HC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"A comparison study between ketamine and ketamine\u2010promethazine combination for oral sedation in pediatric dental patients","volume":"49","author":"Bui T","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199201000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2346.1996.00058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200301000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.34.2.cgn410227k80751l"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.35.4.l43h3354705u2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Parental acceptance of pediatric dentistry behavior management techniques","volume":"6","author":"Murphy MG","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199709000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Evaluation of the sedative effect of rectally administered diazepam for the young dental patients","volume":"7","author":"Flaiz CM","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Sedation. A Guide to Patient Management","author":"Malamed SF","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.4.537","article-title":"Oral ketamine premedication to alleviate the distress of invasive procedures in pediatric oncology patients","volume":"90","author":"Tobias JD","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000269488.06546.7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00123-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199602000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200009000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/53.8.805"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpan.12493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.12493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:32:01Z","timestamp":1696246321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.12493"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.12493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12493","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]}}}