{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:24:47Z","timestamp":1792787087792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Departmental Resources"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical evidence suggests that anesthetic agents harm the developing brain thereby causing long\u2010term neurocognitive impairments. It is not clear if these findings apply to humans, and retrospective epidemiological studies thus far have failed to show definitive evidence that anesthetic agents are harmful to the developing human brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the preclinical studies published over the past decade, with a focus on methodological issues, to facilitate the comparison between different preclinical studies and inform better design of future trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The literature search identified 941 articles related to the topic of neurotoxicity. As the primary aim of this systematic review was to compare methodologies applied in animal studies to inform future trials, we excluded\n                      <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                      all articles focused on putative mechanism of neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective agents. Forty\u2010seven preclinical studies were finally included in this review.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methods used in these studies were highly heterogeneous\u2014animals were exposed to anesthetic agents at different developmental stages, in various doses and in various combinations with other drugs, and overall showed diverse toxicity profiles. Physiological monitoring and maintenance of physiological homeostasis was variable and the use of cognitive tests was generally limited to assessment of specific brain areas, with restricted translational relevance to humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison between studies is thus complicated by this heterogeneous methodology and the relevance of the combined body of literature to humans remains uncertain. Future preclinical studies should use better standardized methodologies to facilitate transferability of findings from preclinical into clinical science.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T05:02:48Z","timestamp":1446613368000},"page":"6-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["A systematic review of methodology applied during preclinical anesthetic neurotoxicity studies: important issues and lessons relevant to the design of future clinical research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Disma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Mondardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit University Hospital Policlinico S.Orsola\u2010Malpighi Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Terrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Absalom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Bilotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00876.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.03.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1403.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318289bc9b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318199dc72"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820e77a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"DavidsonA McCannME MortonNet al.Protocol 09PRT\/9078: a multi\u2010site RCT comparing regional and general anaesthesia for effects on neurodevelopmental outcome and apnoea in infants: the GAS study (ACTRN12606000441516 NCT00756600). 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