{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:21:50Z","timestamp":1773926510348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caudal epidural anesthesia has been shown to reduce stress response and shorten the time to extubation in children after cardiac surgery. Combined with general anesthesia, regional anesthesia has been proven to be safe and efficacious in the pediatric population. It is not known, however, whether the use of caudal anesthesia actually reduces postoperative pain scores and decreases postoperative opioid use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 199 children who underwent repair for atrial septal defect (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>), ventricular septal defect (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSD<\/jats:styled-content>), and Tetralogy of Fallot (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>) at a major academic children's hospital between 2010 and 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010six patients underwent preoperative placement of caudal anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> up to 20 ml + clonidine 2mcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> + Duramorph 40 mcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> up to 2.5 mg) and 113 patients did not have a caudal block. Postoperative cardiac intensive care pain scores were analyzed according to standard nurse\u2010recorded patient\u2010appropriate pain scales ranging from 0 to 10 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRIES<\/jats:styled-content> for neonates and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLACC<\/jats:styled-content> for 2 months\u20137 years). There was no statistical difference between caudal and noncaudal groups with respect to postoperative pain scores or with postoperative opioid requirements. There was a statistical significance with regard to intraoperative opioid use as noncaudal patients invariably received more opioid during the procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although regional anesthesia reduced intraoperative opioid usage, there was no difference in postoperative opioid usage or pain scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1471943445000},"page":"1060-1063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Caudal analgesia and cardiothoracic surgery: a look at postoperative pain scores in a pediatric population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-3906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khoa N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather S.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Children's Hospital of Georgia Augusta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Caudal block in pediatrics","volume":"67","author":"Zadra N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200005000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.45010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2005.01.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198903000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice","author":"Stoelting RK","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children","volume":"23","author":"Merkel SI","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatric Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.1995.tb00242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198902000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Caudal epidural anesthesia for pediatric patients: a safe, reliable and effective method in developing countries","volume":"17","author":"Edler A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Update Anaesth"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/49.10.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Regional anesthesia for children","volume":"73","author":"Schulte\u2010Steinberg O","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Chir Gynaecol"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpan.12990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.12990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T10:56:27Z","timestamp":1696157787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.12990"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chandra","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.12990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12990","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]]}}}