{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:20:32Z","timestamp":1780381232110,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]],"date-time":"2016-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nihon-Kohden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in nonintubated patients is challenging. We compared the precision of a mainstream mask capnography to side stream sampling nasal cannula capnography. In addition, we compared the effect of gas flow rates on the measured exhaled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> between mainstream mask and side stream nasal cannula capnography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mainstream mask capnography system (cap\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONE<\/jats:styled-content>) was tested<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold> Children (weight of 7\u201340 kg, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASA<\/jats:styled-content> 1\u20132) following anesthesia for minor procedures were assigned randomly to side stream or mainstream sampling groups. The side stream group wore a nasal cannula with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> side port (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>). In the postanesthesia care unit, O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow was started at 5 l\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, reduced to 2 and then 0.25 l\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> every 3 min. Capnogram analysis measuring heights of all the waveforms was performed for continuous 120 s from the end of recording at each O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow rate for each group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010eight children were enrolled and 39 were analyzed (18 side stream <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> and 21 mainstream mask). There were two mouth breathing children excluded from study in side stream <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> group due to failure to capture measurable <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> waveforms. Peak <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values measured by mainstream mask system were normally (Gaussian) distributed with smaller standard deviation (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>) at each O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow than were those measured by side stream <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> system which demonstrated irregular distributions with larger <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>. Peak <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values measurement was less affected by a change in flow rate in mainstream mask group than in side stream <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04 in 5\u20130.25 l\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow change).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new mainstream mask system (cap\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONE<\/jats:styled-content>) performed with greater precision than side stream <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> monitoring regardless of mouth breathing. Measurement of peak <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values by mainstream mask system showed normal distribution with smaller standard deviation (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>) and was less affected by O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> flow change in predictable fashion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]],"date-time":"2016-09-24T06:56:42Z","timestamp":1474700202000},"page":"1179-1187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mainstream capnography system for nonintubated children in the postanesthesia care unit: Performance with changing flow rates, and a comparison to side stream capnography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Nagoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital Los Angeles Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rica","family":"Morzov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital Los Angeles Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Hotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital Los Angeles Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Belson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital Los Angeles Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 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