{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:18:11Z","timestamp":1787015891557,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of infiltration and extravasation when using peripheral intravenous catheters is high in pediatric patients. Due to the lack of a gold standard test to confirm intravascular location of a peripherally placed intravenous catheter, we introduce a novel method, the color\u2010flow injection test to assess the intravascular location of these catheters. For the color\u2010flow injection test, 1\u00a0mL of normal saline was injected within 2\u00a0seconds in the distal intravenous catheter and changes in color\u2010flow via ultrasonography were observed at the proximal draining veins. The primary objective of the study was to demonstrate feasibility of the color\u2010flow injection test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective study was conducted on children &lt;18\u00a0years old undergoing general anesthesia. All peripheral intravenous catheters were subject to the color\u2010flow injection test and standard confirmation tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of the 100 patients enrolled, 22 patients came to the operating room with preexisting peripheral intravenous catheters. Intraoperatively, 105 attempts were made on 78 patients of which 27 catheters were considered as infiltrated during their placement. A final set of 100 catheters were considered for intraoperative usage after they had passed at least one of the standard confirmatory tests. For the color\u2010flow injection test, the ideal sites for ultrasound evaluation of proximal draining veins were the axillary veins and femoral veins. The color\u2010flow injection test was positive in 93 of the 100 catheters with color\u2010flow changes noticed in the proximal veins during the saline injection. Of the 100 catheters, infiltration around seven catheter sites were observed within 2\u00a0hours of intraoperative usage and the color\u2010flow injection test was negative in these seven catheters. The color\u2010flow injection test was also negative in the 27 catheters that had infiltrated during their placement. The color\u2010flow injection test was sensitive at 100% [95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )=95\u2010100] and specific at 100% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      =56\u2010100) to indicate intravascular location.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We were able to confirm intravascular location of peripheral intravenous catheters using the color\u2010flow injection test in pediatric patients. The test can lead to early recognition of malfunctioning peripheral intravenous catheters and decrease rate of infiltration\u2010extravasation injuries associated with their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T07:24:30Z","timestamp":1497511470000},"page":"821-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Introduction of color\u2010flow injection test to confirm intravascular location of peripherally placed intravenous catheters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nischal K.","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology The University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Bober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology The University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology The University of Texas Medical School Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(93)90137-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0b013e3181aac042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAN.0000292569.24645.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.2001.02104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"A5191","article-title":"The use of ultrasound to identify veins for peripheral venous access in morbidly obese patients","volume":"63","author":"Brandt HGS","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2015.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.101.2631.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61082-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"O'GradyNP AlexanderM DellingerEP et\u00a0al.Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter\u2010related infections. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Center for Disease Control and Prevention U.S. Pediatrics. 2002. p.e51."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"[Recommendations from CDC for the prevention of catheter\u2010related infections (2013 update)]","volume":"37","author":"Casanova Vivas S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Enferm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000282299.03441.c7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0b013e31824237ce"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28903-8_6"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpan.13188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.13188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pan.13188","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.13188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T13:23:22Z","timestamp":1694352202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.13188"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jerrold","family":"Lerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.13188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.13188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]}}}